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PHYSL 200 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of endocrinology

A

the study of hormones, their receptors, their intracellular signalling pathways and the diseases associated with them

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2
Q

define the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine - does not have a duct system and secretes into the blood
exocrine - has a duct system

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3
Q

give an example of an endocrine gland

A

thyroid

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4
Q

give an example of an exocrine gland

A

salivary gland

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5
Q

what is an example of a gland that is both endo and exocrine

A

pancreas

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6
Q

match the characteristic to the type of gland

acts in short distances

A

exocrine

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7
Q

match the characteristic to the type of gland

very target specific

A

exocrine

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8
Q

match the characteristic to the type of gland

slow in response

A

endocrine

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9
Q

which hormones are water soluble

A

protein hormones and catecholamines

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10
Q

what are the three types of protein hormones

A

small peptides, polypeptides and glycoproteins

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11
Q

what are the three lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids, thyroid hormones and eicosanoids

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12
Q

true or false - protein hormones are not stored after they are made

A

false - they are, steroid hormones are not stored

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13
Q

pick the correct pathway

a) hormone -> prehormone -> prohormone
b) prohormone -> prehormone -> hormone
c) prehormone -> prohormone -> hormone

A

c

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14
Q

what are the two types of receptors

A

cell surface and intracellular receptors

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15
Q

which type of receptors bind to lipid soluble hormones

A

intracellular receptors

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16
Q

adrenaline and glucagon are examples of what subtype of receptor

A

G protein linked receptors

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17
Q

explain the steps of the activation mechanism

A
  1. enzyme binds to G protein
  2. 2nd messenger comes in
  3. protein kinase turns it on
  4. protein phosphorylation
  5. response of target cells
18
Q

insulin and GH are examples of what subtype of receptors

A

catalytic receptors

19
Q

what are the most common signalling mechanisms for cellular receptors

A
  1. second messengers
  2. enzyme activation by receptors
  3. intrinsic enzymatic activity of receptor
20
Q

define up regulation

A

an increase in the number of receptors for a hormone

21
Q

describe the negative feedback loop of PTH secretion and Ca concentration in blood

A
  1. low Ca -> endocrine cell is activated
  2. release of PTH -> target cell
  3. increase calcium in blood
22
Q

what is an example of a positive feedback loop mentioned in this lecture

A

uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary

23
Q

a _____ hormone is a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

A

tropic

24
Q

what happens when there is hypo-responsiveness

A

abnormal receptors -> Dwarfism
defective cell signalling
defective enzyme function in target cells

25
Q

what is the difference between paracrine and autocrine cells

A

autocrine -> acts on itself
paracrine -> acts on other cells surrrounding

26
Q

what are the two anterior pituitary hormones that target the ovaries and testes

A

FSH and LH

27
Q

true or false - FSH and LH are secreted from different cell types

A

false - from same cell types

28
Q

what is the main target of prolactin

A

mammary glands

29
Q

what kind of family do the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland belong to

A

protein family

30
Q

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones

thryotropin releasing hormone

A

increases TSH secretion

31
Q

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

increases LH and FSH secretion

32
Q

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones

somatostatin

A

decreases Prolactin

33
Q

where are the posterior pituitary hormones released from

A

they are released from nerve endings in the posterior pituitary

34
Q

where is oxytocin and ADH produced

A

in the cell bodies of the hypothalamus

35
Q

what is the most abundant APH

A

growth hormone

36
Q

when does the GH mainly promote growth

A

after birth

37
Q

how does GH affect fats

A

increases lipolysis -> increases free fatty acids for energy

38
Q

true or false - acute stress can decrease GH secretion

A

false -> it increases it

39
Q

what are the two disorders that can occur with too much GH

A

gigantism and acromegaly

40
Q

what is the specific disorder that stems from the mutation of the GH receptor

A

Laron dwarfism

41
Q

major source for ADH and vasopressin

A

supraoptic nucleus

42
Q

major source for oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus

PHYSL 200 (17 decks)

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