Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards
what are the three functions of the ANS
homeostasis, emergency responses, housekeeping functions
what is an example of housekeeping functions
digestion
true or false - the central nervous system contains the brain and spinal nerves
false - it contains spinal cord and brain
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there
12
cranial nerves are a bundle of ___
axons
C1-C8 includes the
a) chest and upper abdomen
b) neck, shoulders, arms
c) genitals and digestive tract
a
L1-L5 includes
a)tailbone
b)chest and upper abdomen
c)lower abdomen and legs
c
what part of the spinal cord includes the genitals and digestive tract
S1-S5
true or false - ganglions are inside the CNS
false - they are outside
what are the features of an efferent neuron in the somatic nervous system
it is a single neuron, single target, single synapse and always excitatory
list the comparisons between somatic and autonomic nervous systems in relation to
control
effector organ
response
efferent pathway
Neurotransmitter
myelination
somatic :
voluntary
always excitatory
one neuron
ACh
myelinated fibre
autonomic
involuntary
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
excitatory or inhibitory
two neuron chain connected by a ganglion
ACh, norepinephrine, epinephrine
myelinated preganglionic fibres and unmyelinated post ganglionic fibres
in the parasympathetic NS, where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres
cranial nerve 3,7,11, and 10
sacral
where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres in the sympathetic NS
thoracic and lumbar
what kind of neurons does the dorsal root carry
sensory neurons
what kind of neurons does the ventral root carry
motor neurons
what are the two names given to the ganglion anterior to the vertebral column
collateral or prevertebral
what does the collateral ganglions contain
celiac, super mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglions
where is the sympathetic trunk located
it is parallel to the spinal cord which is why it is called the paravertebral ganglion
what are the options as to where the preganglionic fibre can synapse to
- synapse immediately with a post ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic ganglion
- sweat glands, blood vessels and muscles - travel up or down the chain so that it can synapse at ganglion at different levels
- eyes, salivary glands, lungs, heart, esophagus - no synapse, continue to collateral ganglion as the splanchnic nerve
- liver, spleen. intestine, adrenal glands, repro organs, bladder
what is the difference between white and grey rami
white rami - myelinated preganglionic fibres leaves the spinal nerve to enter a sympathetic ganglion
grey rami - unmyelinated post ganglionic fibres leave the ganglion to enter the spinal nerve
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
eye
dilation of pupil
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
cardiovascular
increase heart rate
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
arteries and veins
constriction
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
skeletal muscle
relaxation
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
lungs
inhibition of mucus secretion and dilation of bronchioles
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
digestive tract
slow digestion
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
endocrine glands and adrenal medulla
increase of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
exocrine glands
stimulation of secretions of saliva and sweat
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
bladder
prevent urination
name the sympathetic response of the following organ
genitals
male emision
uterus contraction
what are the two hormones that the adrenal medulla releases
mostly epinephrine , a little norepinephrine
what kind of neurons is the adrenal medulla innervated by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate in
brainstem and sacral regions
list the cranial nerves involved in the parasympathetic nervous system
oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
what is the site where the preganglionic nerve fibres terminate in the parasympathetic pathway
the terminal ganglion situated on the innervated organ
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
eyes
constriction of pupil
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
cardiovascular
decrease heart rate
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
lungs
constriction of bronchioles ; increase mucus secretion
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
digestive tract
increased digestion activity
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
endocrine glands
nothing
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
exocrine glands
only salivary glands stimulate increase in saliva
no effect on sweat glands
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
bladder
increased urination
name the parasympathetic response of the following organ
genitals
erection and dilation
what is the name given to the chains of swelling along sympathetic or parasympathetic postganglionic fibres
varicosities
what is the functions of varicosities
they contain synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters
what are the transmitters involved in the ANS
ACh and norepinephrine
noradrenergic is to norepinephrine as cholinergic is to ___
ACh
what are the series of events at a cholinergic nerve terminal
- action potential
- opens the voltage gated calcium channels
- acetyl CoA and choline combine to make ACh
- ACh gets packaged into vesicles
- calcium enters the cell, initiating the release of the vesicles
- ACh is then released through exocytosis out of the membrane
- binds to the cholinergic receptor
how is ACh broken down
through acetylcholinesterase which breaks down ACh into choline and acetate
- choline goes back into the cell to be re used
- acetate gets diffused and broken down
what are the series of events at a noradrenergic varicosity
- tyrosine diffuses into the cells
- is converted into DOPA
- dopamine
- dopamine is converted into norepinephrine and into vesicles
- action potential is triggers which allows calcium to go into the cell
- with the use of calcium, norepinephrine is released from vesicles
- binds to noradrenergic receptors
what does DOPA stand for
dihydroxyphenylalanine
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
which is the odd one out
the integrating centers of the autonomic reflexes are the spinal card, hippocampus and medulla oblongata
hypothalamus not hippocampus
difference between convergence and divergence
convergence - many presynaptic neurons synapse at one postsynaptic neuron
divergence - a few presynaptic neurons synapse with many postsynaptic neurons
true or false - the sympathetic nervous system exhibits a greater degree of convergence than the parasympathetic system
false - it exhibits greater divergence
true or false - the parasympathetic NS is more specific in terms of synapses than sympathetic
true because it exhibits greater convergence - only synapse at one postsynaptic neuron
