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Year 9 > Geography - The middle east 🧭 > Flashcards

Geography - The middle east 🧭 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Middle East?

A

A general region where Asia, Africa, and Europe meet. The region is not always clearly defined.

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2
Q

How did the Middle east get its name?

A

The term originated from a perspective of Europe - where Eastern Asia was considered the far east from them, and so the Middle east was, from their perspective, less to the east that the farthest east, therefore coining the name “Middle East”

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3
Q

How many countries are in The Middle East?

A

16 countries.

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4
Q

What countries are in The Middle East?

A

Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, The UAE, Oman, and Yemen.

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5
Q

What is a region?

A

A region is an area that shares a feature - such as a distinct climate, language, or mountain range.

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6
Q

What is an exclave?

A

A part of a country that’s cut off from the main part; you have to cross the territory of another country(ies) to reach it.

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7
Q

What is a peninsula?

A

Land that juts out to the sea, surrounded by water on three sides.

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8
Q

Define “Landlocked”

A

A country entirely surrounded by land, with no ocean coastline.

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9
Q

What is a gulf?

A

An area of ocean partly surrounded by land.

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10
Q

What is a strait?

A

A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two other large areas of water.

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11
Q

What makes the middle east a region of contrast?

A

It has dry, large deserts with no rain but also sunny beaches and fertile farmland. Three different world religions began there (Christianity, Islam and Judaism), and some countries are wealthy whereas others are poor.

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12
Q

What empire once dominated the Middle East?

A

The Ottoman Empire.

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13
Q

What are the major Middle East mountains?

A

Pontic mountains, Taurus mountains, Zagros mountains, Elbruz mountains, Mt Ararat and Mt Damavand.

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14
Q

What is the imaginary line that crosses the Middle East?

A

The Tropic of Cancer.

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15
Q

What is Turkey’s tallest mountain and how tall is it?

A

Mt Ararat is Turkey’s tallest mountain and stretches 5133m tall.

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16
Q

What is the Middle East’s tallest peak? where is it?

A

Mt Damavand in Iran, which is 5671m tall.

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17
Q

What are the two most mountainous countries in the Middle East?

A

Turkey and Iran.

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18
Q

What are the major Middle East rivers?

A

Nile, Euphrates, Tigris

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19
Q

What is the longest river that flows through the Middle East and how long is it?

A

The river Nile, 6650km long.

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20
Q

Where do the Euphrates and Tigris form?

A

In Russia, then they flow south.

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21
Q

What is the Shatt Al Arab?

A

What is formed when The Euphrates and Tigris join.

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22
Q

What are the major seas in the Middle east?

A

Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea

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23
Q

What connects the Red sea and Meditteranean?

A

The Suez Canal.

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24
Q

What are the major Middle East gulfs?

A

Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf.

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25
Q

What strait connects the Persian gulf and Gulf of Oman?

A

The Strait of Hormuz.

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26
Q

What are the major Middle East deserts?

A

Sahara, Arabian, Rub’Al Khali or Empty Quarter.

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27
Q

What is the UAE?

A

The United Arab Emirates, made of seven small states combined to make one country.

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28
Q

What is the main Peninsula in The Middle East?

A

The Arabian Peninsula.

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29
Q

What countries does the Arabian Peninsula contain?

A

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen

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30
Q

Where and why are earthquakes and volcanoes common in The Middle East?

A

Iran and Turkey, where the Arabian plate is moving away from the African plate.

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31
Q

What causes the Red Sea to expand?

A

The Arabian plate is moving away from the African plate.

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32
Q

What is a biome?

A

A large community of plants and animals that occupies a distinct region.

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33
Q

In general, what is the Middle East’s climate?

A

Hot and Dry (Arid)

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34
Q

What are the 3 Major climate zones of the Middle East?

A

Arid, Semi-Arid, and Mediterranean.

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35
Q

What is an Arid climate?

A

Arid climate is known for being dry. Thisclimateis mainly found 30 degrees north and south of the Equator due to global wind patterns.

36
Q

What is a Semi-arid climate?

A

Asemi-arid climateor steppeclimateis theclimateof a region that receives some precipitation, but is still quite dry.

37
Q

What is a Mediterranean climate?

A

Characterized by dry summers and mild, wet winters.Mediterranean climatezones are typically located along the western sides of continents, between roughly 30 and 45 degrees north and south of the equator. Summers are hot and dry, winters are warm and wet.

38
Q

Why is the Middle East so hot?

A

The Tropic of cancer runs through it.

39
Q

How are climate zones distributed in The Middle East?

A

Most of the Middle east is Arid, But to the North semi arid. On North-west coasts, it is Meditteranean.

40
Q

What are the two Tropics?

A

The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, each located 30 degrees from the equator.

41
Q

How does the curvature of the Earth make it so cold at the poles?

A

Closer to the poles, the sun has to pass through a larger area of atmosphere. Solar radiation is also spread over a larger area. Also, solar radiation has to travel further making it lose energy.

42
Q

How does the circulation of air make it so dry at the tropics?

A

Warm moist air rises at the Equator and condenses to form clouds. The air falls as cool dry air at the Tropics.

43
Q

What are the 3 major biomes of the Middle East?

A

Desert and desert scrub, Grassland/steppe, and Forests & shrubland.

44
Q

What are deserts like?

A

Vegetation is sparse, some areas have none. The plants that can grow have tough spiky leaves.

45
Q

What are grasslands like?

A

They have grass, and some low bushes - but little trees.

46
Q

What are forests and shrublands like?

A

Green, full of trees, and beside the Mediterranean.

47
Q

What is the word for incoming solar radiation?

A

Insolation.

48
Q

How does wind blow?

A

Winds blow from high pressure zones to low pressure zones.

49
Q

What is a cyclone?

A

When air is rising from the ground surface, forming areas of low pressure on the ground, e.g. at the Equator. Winds on the ground move towards these areas of low pressure.

50
Q

What is an anticyclone?

A

When air is sinking towards the ground surface, forming areas of high pressure, e.g. at the North Pole. Winds on the ground move outwards from these areas.

51
Q

Around how many people does the Middle east contain?

A

410 million people.

52
Q

What is the general population density in Middle East’s deserts?

A

Desert regions in the Middle East are almost empty.

53
Q

What is the general population density in Middle East’s coasts?

A

In the Arabian Peninsula, where it is mostly desert, most areas of higher population are along the coasts. This trend is consistent in relation to the general population in the area.

54
Q

What is the population density like along the River Nile passing through Egypt?

A

The population density is very high, because people in the desert depend on it for water to irrigate crops.

55
Q

Why is population density higher on Middle East’s coasts?

A

As these areas are cooler in hot weather (due to the ocean) and give access to the sea for trading and fishing, there is a higher population density on the coasts.

56
Q

What ethnic groups are found in the Middle East?

A 
Arabs
Turks
Kurds
Persians
Azeris
Baluch
Jews
57
Q

What ethnic group is the largest in the Middle East?

A

Arabs are by far the largest Ethnic group, they speak Arab.

58
Q

What are the main Ethnic groups in Turkey and what language do they speak?

A

80% of the people in Turkey are ethnic Turks, and speak Turkish, Most of the rest are Kurds, and speak Kurdish.

59
Q

What is the main ethnic group in Iran? What language is spoken most?

A

In Iran, over 60% of the people are Persian. There are many other ethnic groups too. Most speak Persian.

60
Q

What is Kurdistan?

A

A region in Iran self-governed by Kurds.

61
Q

What are the three major religions birthed in The Middle East?

A

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

62
Q

Where and when did Judaism start?

A

In what is now Israel, about 4000 years ago.

63
Q

When and where did Christianity start?

A

Also in what is now Israel, over 2000 years ago with the birth of Christ.

64
Q

When and where did Islam start?

A

With the Prophet Muhammad, born in 570 CE / AD, in what is now Saudi Arabia.

65
Q

What is the most common religion in the Middle East?

A

The large majority of people in the Middle East are Muslim (follow Islam)

66
Q

Where is Christianity followed in The Middle East?

A

In Lebanon mostly, where 40% of the population is Christian. Other Middle Eastern countries have a small % of Christians.

67
Q

Where is Judaism followed in The Middle East?

A

Today, Judaism is mostly confined to Israel, where around 75% of the people are Jews.

68
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A natural underground rock structure that holds ground water.

69
Q

What is Fossil water?

A

Groundwater that has sealed in the aquifer for thousands or millions of years by changes in the rock structure.

70
Q

What is an Oasis?

A

A fertile area in a desert where there is an well or spring

71
Q

What connects Bahrain to Saudi Arabia?

A

A causeway called King Fahd causeway.

72
Q

What is the largest Peninsula in the world?

A

The Arabian Peninsula.

73
Q

What is a Bedouin?

A

A Nomadic person who travels the deserts with goats, sheep, and camels. Many have given up on this way of life.

74
Q

Why are there Oases in the Arabian Peninsula?

A

Although most of the Peninsula is desert, below ground there are large aquifers of fossil water - reaching oases through the surface (or pumped into wells)

75
Q

What are the 2 biggest emirates of the UAE?

A

Abu Dhabi and Dubai.

76
Q

What is the UAE’s capital?

A

Abu Dhabi city.

77
Q

What are the local people of The Arabian Peninsula mostly?

A

Mostly Arabs and Muslim, but many foreigners work there as servants, construction workers, or for high-pay jobs.

78
Q

How is most of the Arabian Peninsula ruled?

A

All except Yemen are monarchies ruled by Kings or Emirs or Sultans. Some rulers are absolute Monarchs and have total power over the people.

79
Q

Where do farmers in the Arabian Peninsula grow crops?

A

In oases, areas with rainfall, or aquifers.

80
Q

How did The Arabian Peninsula become wealthy?

A

Oil and gas were found underground and drilled.

81
Q

Which country has the world’s wealthiest people on average?

A

Qatar. There are vast reserves of gas.

82
Q

How is the Arabian Peninsula so developed?

A

Money earned from oil and gas was used to develop the country.

83
Q

100 years ago, was the Arabian Peninsula wealthy?

A

No, they were poor.

84
Q

How has the Arabian Peninsula’s status in the world rose?

A

Other countries are keen to engage as a fuel supply is important.

85
Q

Which Arabian Peninsula country is not wealthy?

A

Yemen. They have little oil and have suffered from conflict and a corrupt government.

Year 9 (23 decks)

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