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Year 9 > Biology - Plant Reproduction🌱 > Flashcards

Biology - Plant Reproduction🌱 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The process that makes more of the same kind of organism.

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2
Q

What are the two types of reproduction?

A

Assexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of asexual reproduction?

A

1) Requires only 1 parent
2) Offspring have the same chromosomes as the parent. (Offspring are exact clones of the parent.)
3) Most unicellular organisms reproduce like this.
4) Both children are the same.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of sexual reproduction?

A

1) Two parents
2) Not identical offspring
3) Passes on dna from both parents
4) Mostly in Fish, Mammals, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles and Insects

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5
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process where animal cells divide. It results in an exact copy of the parent cell.

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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Asexual reproduction produces more offspring
  • Asexual reproduction takes less time
  • Only one parent is involved, so there is no searching for mates.
  • It requires less energy
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Same DNA is passed down, so there is no genetic variation in offspring.
  • If the parent has a genetic disease the offspring will also have it.
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8
Q

What is meiosis?

A

It is a process that requires two parents that carry 1/2 the genetic information.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Variation in offspring helps evolution

- Organism is more protected because of genetic variation

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • Requires 2 organisms, meaning that a mate has to be found.
  • Requires more cellular energy
  • More time required for offspring development.
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11
Q

What are the 2 ways of sexual reproduction happening?

A

Internally and externally.

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12
Q

What does it mean for the reproduction to occur internally?

A

The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female.

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13
Q

What does it mean for the reproduction to occur externally?

A

The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female.

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14
Q

What is a flower?

A

Flowers are the reproductive organs of flowering plants and contain male and female structures.

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15
Q

What are the two types of flowers?

A

Monoecious - Possess both male and female structures,

Dioecious - Only possess one structure

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16
Q

What is the male part of the flower?

A

The stamen is the male part of the flower.

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17
Q

What does the male part of the flower contain?

A

The anther and the filament.

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18
Q

What is the female part of the flower?

A

The carpel or the pistil is the female part of the flower.

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19
Q

What does the female part of the flower contain?

A

The stigma, style, and ovary (contains ovules).

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20
Q

What is the Anther?

A

The pollen producing organ of the flower (pollen is the male gamete of a flowering plant)

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21
Q

What is the Filament?

A

A Slender stalk supporting the anther (it makes the anther accessible to pollinators).

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22
Q

What is the Stigma?

A

The sticky, receptive tip of the pistil that is responsible for catching the pollen.

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23
Q

What is the Style?

A

The tube-shaped connection between the stigma and ovary (it elevates the stigma to help catch pollen).

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24
Q

What is the Ovary?

A

The structure that contains Ovules.

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25
Q

What is an Ovule?

A

The structure that contains the female reproductive cells (after fertilisation, it will develop into a seed).

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26
Q

What are Petals?

A

Petalsare brightly coloured modified leaves, which function to attract pollinators.

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27
Q

What is the Sepal?

A

The sepal is the outer covering which protects the flower when in bud

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28
Q

What is the Peduncle?

A

The peduncle is the stalk of the flower

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29
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Gametes are an organism’s reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells.

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30
Q

What is the male gamete of a flower?

A

Pollen is the male gamete of a flower.

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31
Q

What is the female gamete of a flower?

A

The female gamete of a flower is the egg cell.

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32
Q

What is the nectary?

A

The part of the flower that produces nectar to attract insects.

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33
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of mature pollen grains from an anther to a stigma of a flower in the same species.

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34
Q

What are the two types of pollination?

A

Self-pollination and Cross-pollination

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35
Q

What is Self-Pollination?

A

Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower of the same plant.

36
Q

What is Cross-Pollination?

A

Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower of a different plant of the same species.

37
Q

What are the best examples of Self-Pollinated plants?

A

Sunflowers and orchids.

38
Q

What are the best examples of Cross-Pollinated plants?

A

Tulips, dandelions and daffodils.

39
Q

What are the two methods / agents of pollination?

A

Insect pollination and Wind pollination.

40
Q

What are the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers?

A
  • Small and light pollen grains that occur in very large numbers.
  • Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can be blown away easily.
  • Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract pollinators.
  • There is no nectary for the same reason.
  • They have feathery, sticky, large stigma to to catch pollen.
  • Unisexual flower.
  • Long, visible stamens.
41
Q

What are the adaptations of insect-pollinated flowers?

A
  • They have a nectary to produce scent.
  • The pollen grains have barbs to hook onto insect fur.
  • Anthers are positioned to rub pollen onto insects.
  • Brightly coloured petals to attract insects.
  • Sticky stigma to collect pollen.
  • Bisexual flowers.
  • Stamens hidden within petals.
42
Q

Why is cross pollination preferable?

A

It encourages genetic diversity.

43
Q

Gametes are called ____ cells, and each cell carries only ____ copy of each ____.

A

Gametes are called haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosone.

44
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Threads of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell.

45
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the male gamete and the female gamete is known as fertilization. A zygote will be formed after fertilization.

46
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell formed when the male gamete fuses with the female gamete.

47
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one copy of chromosomes.

48
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with both copies of chromosomes.

49
Q

How does the process of fertilisation work in flowers?

A

1) A pollen grain reaches a ripe stigma
2) It is matured by a sugary solution
3) Once fully matured, it starts to grow, forming a pollen tube that grows down the style to the ovary. As it grows it gets nutrition from the tissues of the style and carries the male gamete nucleus with it.
4) Once it reaches an ovule, it enters through a small hole called the micropyle.
5) Then the male gamete nucleus fuses with the egg cell nucleus to form the zygote.

50
Q

When is pollination complete?

A

When the pollen grains land on the stigma.

51
Q

Why do pollen grains only produce tubes in flowers of their own species?

A

They only produce tubes in flowers of their same species because the gametes match

52
Q

When does fertilisation occur?

A

When the male gamete nucleus fuses with the female gamete nucleus

53
Q

How does the pollen tube grow down the style?

A

The tip of the pollen tube has enzymes which digest the style.

54
Q

What type of division occurs to produce an embryo plant from the diploid zygote formed after fertilisation?

A

Meiosis.

55
Q

What is developed after fertilisation?

A

The seed.

56
Q

What turns into the seed?

A

The Ovule.

57
Q

What are the features of a seed?

A
  • Testa
  • Micropyle
  • Hilum
  • Radicle
  • Plumule
  • Cotyledons
58
Q

What is the Testa of a seed?

A

A tough, hard, outer coat, the testa protects the seed from fungi, bacteria and insects. It has to be split open by the radicle before germination can proceed.

59
Q

What is the Hilum of a seed?

A

The hilum is a scar left by the stalk which attached the ovule to the ovary wall.

60
Q

What is the Micropyle of a seed?

A

The micropyle is a tiny pore in the testa opposite the tip of the radicle. It admits water to the embryo before active germination.

61
Q

What is the Radicle of a seed?

A

The radicle is the embryonic root which grows and develops into the root system of the plant.

62
Q

What is the Plumule of a seed?

A

The plumule is the embryonic shoot. In it two or more leaves are usually visible, with a growing point enclosed between them.

63
Q

What are Cotyledons of a seed?

A

They are leaves attached to the plumule and radicle by short stalks, and they often contain food reserves which are used during the early stages of germination.

64
Q

What types of plants only have one Cotyledon?

A

The grasses and narrow-leaved plants like the iris and bluebell have seeds with only one cotyledon.

65
Q

What are the four mechanisms for seed dispersal?

A

Wind, Water, Animal, Mechanical

66
Q

What are the adaptations of animal dispersed seeds?

A

They are juicy and tasty and bright to attract animals, they also have hooks to hook on to animal fur.

67
Q

What are the adaptations of water dispersed plants?

A

They are hollow with a waterproof casing to help it float.

68
Q

What are the adaptations of wind dispersed plants?

A

They are either light and feathery to be carried across the wind or, if heavy, have wing-like structures to be carried across the wind.

69
Q

What are the adaptations of mechanically dispersed plants?

A

They split open with force to send seeds flying.

70
Q

What is germination?

A

Germinationis a process, controlled byenzymes, in which the seed begins to develop into a new young plant.

71
Q

What are the 3 main factors required for germination?

A

Water, oxygen, and warmth.

72
Q

Why does the seed need water?

A

It needs water to activate enzymes required to convert food.

73
Q

Why does the seed need oxygen?

A

It needs oxygen for aerobic respiration.

74
Q

Why does the seed need warmth?

A

It needs warmth as it increases growth rate and enzyme activity.

75
Q

Where does water enter the plant through?

A

The micropyle.

76
Q

Which part of the seed provides energy before it has grown?

A

The cotyledons.

77
Q

What is the main nutrient stored in the cotyledons, what enzyme converts it?

A

Starch, amylase converts it to maltose.

78
Q

How and why does the testa soften?

A

The testa softens for the embryo plants to grow out. It is softened by water.

79
Q

What is the first part to grow out of the seed?

A

The first part to grow out of the seed is the radicle because it needs to grow more roots to absorb more water.

80
Q

Why doesn’t a seed need light to germinate?

A

It is buried.

81
Q

What is dry mass?

A

Dry mass is the mass of a solid with all water removed.

82
Q

How does the mass of a seed change as it germinates?

A

It starts off heavy, then loses weight as starch stores in the cotyledons are used up, and then the weight increases again as the plant grows and energy is gotten from photosynthesis.

83
Q

What are the four types of asexual reproduction?

A

Binary fission, budding, spores and fragmentation.

84
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Binary fission is when every organelle is doubled and the organism divides in two.

85
Q

What is budding?

A

Budding is where an individual develops from an outgrowth of the parent, splits off and then lives independently.

86
Q

What is spores?

A

Spores are airborne cells that are released from the parents. They are enclosed and developed when the environment is appropriate.

87
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

When the parents breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals

Year 9 (23 decks)

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