Geography - Development 🏢📈 Flashcards
Define “Development”
A process of change to improve people’s quality of life.
What is the general relationship between quality of life and development?
As a country develops, the quality of life for people in that country improves.
What are developed countries?
A country with a wide range of services, little poverty, goods and lots of job opportunities which create a good quality of life.
What are some examples of developed countries?
England, France, America, Canada, and Japan.
What are emerging countries?
Emerging countries are countries where the quality of life has improved in recent years but it is still not good enough to be a developed country.
What are some examples of emerging countries?
China and India.
What is a BRIC country?
Four countries in particular that have specifically been referred to as emerging countries.
What are the BRIC countries?
Brazil, India, Russia and China.
What are developing countries?
The poorest countries in the world with a low quality of life. People tend to be poor in developing countries and they lack services.
What are some examples of developing countries? Why are they so poor?
Afghanistan - Has been at war
Haiti - Experiences many natural disasters
How do we measure development?
We ask questions that can relate to the quality of life of people in the country, which are development indicators.
What is a development indicator?
A piece of data that helps to show how developed a country is.
What does GDP stand for?
Gross Domestic Product
What is GDP?
The total value of goods and services produced in a country, per year. It’s what the entire population earns.
What is GDP per capita?
The GDP per person, which is calculated by dividing the total GDP of the country by the number of people in the population.
What does PPP stand for?
Purchasing Power Parity
What is PPP?
When something is adjusted to take into account that the value of a dollar changes in countries, and is often used in GDP per capita.
Why is GDP sometimes inaccurate?
Due to inequality and government spending.
How does inequality make GDP inaccurate?
Some people can be extremely rich, and others can be extremely poor. The rich may spend their money on things like mansions, instead of roads and schools.
How does government spending make GDP inaccurate?
A country could have a very high GDP, but the government might not spend that money on things that improve people’s quality of life, but for military weapons and bombs.
What is HDI?
The HDI index is a social measure of development that tries to overcome some of the problems of economic measures of development, taking into account 3 factors to create an overview score.
What are the 3 factors HDI takes into account?
The life expectancy of a country, the education level of people in that country, and the income of people.
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index.
What is life expectancy?
The period a new baby can expect to live in a country, on average.
Why does life expectancy have a relation to development of a country?
The life expectancy of a country tells you about its development because if people are living longer, their quality of life is most likely higher.
How does education level have a relation to development in a country?
The education level of people in that country tells you about its development because if people have received a good education and have then got a good job, then their quality of life will be higher.
What is the range of an HDI score?
A score of 0 is a very low HDI, 1 is the highest possible score.
Which country has the highest HDI score?
Norway
What is population structure?
The population structure of a country is how many men and women of each age group make up the population. It also includes the birth rate, death rate, life expectancy and infant mortality.
What is birth rate?
The birth rate of a country is the number of live births per 1000 population per year - the higher the birth rate, the more people are being added to the country each year.
What is death rate?
The death rate of a country is the number of deaths per 1000 population per year.
What is natural increase and natural decrease?
Natural increase is when the birth rate of a population is higher than the death rate, and natural decrease is the opposite.
What is infant mortality rate?
The infant mortality rate is the number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1000 live births per year. If a country has a good healthcare system, the infant mortality rate will be lower.
What does birth rate tend to be like in developing countries?
A high birth rate, this may be due to need for more children or lack of contraception (birth control).
What does death rate tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be high, due to war or diseases.
What does infant mortality rate tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be high as many children die in their first year due to low quality of life and not much access to healthcare.
What does life expectancy tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be low, due to low quality of life and poor healthcare - very nesscasary at an old age.
In an emerging country, what does birth rate tend to be like?
There is a falling birth rate, due to increasing access to contraception (birth control), and more woman working
In an emerging country, what does death rate tend to be like?
The death rate tends to fall because if the country is able to spend more on healthcare and improve the quality of life of people, then fewer people die per year. Infant mortality improves for the same reason.
In an emerging country, what does life expectancy tend to be like?
The life expectancy tends to increase, because as people’s quality of life increases and the healthcare provision of the country improves, people live longer.
Define “Poverty”
Lacking basic human needs.
Define “Inequality”
When wealth and access to services is not shared equally.
What is uneven development?
When development takes place at different rates in different regions.
What effect does uneven development have on the environment?
It leads to pollution, as development often comes with industrialisation, which leads to lots of manufacturing, causing pollution.
What effect does uneven development have on health?
Healthcare in more developed countries is much better, leading to better life expectancy and mortality rate.
How does uneven development lead to international migration?
People from less developed countries see advantages of living in developed countries, and migrate.
What effect does uneven development have on income?
It creates a large gap between average salary, rich countries having a much higher salary and taking away from the global economy for poor countries.
Can historical and physical factors affect development?
Yes, they can be hurdles.
How can geographical location affect development of a country?
- If the location of a developing place is on tectonic boundaries, it is susceptible to damage from earthquakes.
- If it is built in land vulnerable to floods this can also cause lots of damage and set back progress.
- If it is landlocked this can prevent exportation of goods to other countries and therefore halt development.
How can the climate of a place affect development?
A tropical environment can be hard to work in, and if a nation is too hot or cold this can make it hard to grow cash crops.
Can a country lacking in natural resources such as coal and oil get developed?
It is certainly difficult to develop without natural resources to export to other countries, but is possible. For example singapore educated its people without much resources.
What is a landlocked country?
A landlocked country is a country surrounded by land, with no ocean coastline.
How does a country being landlocked hinder its development?
A landlocked country has no access to the sea, and most world trade happens by sea in container ships. If a country cannot export its goods, it is likely to develop at a slower pace.
How does infertile farmland affect development?
Infertile farmland means low food production levels, which constrains a population size. This means the country has less workers and innovators, and many of the population dies of starvation. But there are advantages of a smaller population.
