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Year 9 > Biology - Human Reproduction 🙎🏽‍♂️ > Flashcards

Biology - Human Reproduction 🙎🏽‍♂️ Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

They are sexual characteristics present at birth. They are exclusive to the sex of the individual. They comprise of external and internal genitalia.

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2
Q

What are some examples of primary sexual characteristics in men?

A
  • The penis

- The testes

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3
Q

What are some examples of primary sexual characteristics in women?

A
  • The vagina

- The ovary/ovaries.

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4
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

They are sexual characteristics that develop during puberty for humans, or sexual maturity for animals. They are mostly exclusive to the sex of the individual.

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5
Q

What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics found mostly in men?

A
  • More body hair
  • More developed muscles
  • More facial hair
  • A deeper voice than most women
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6
Q

What are some examples of secondary sexual characteristics found mostly in women?

A
  • Breasts
  • Wider hips
  • A higher voice than most men
  • Little facial/body hair
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7
Q

What is the purpose of primary sexual characteristics?

A

They enable humans to reproduce.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of secondary sexual characteristics?

A

They differentiate men and woman.

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9
Q

What are the hormones responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in men?

A

Testosterone, made by testes.

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10
Q

What are the hormones responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in women?

A

Oestrogen, made by ovaries.

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11
Q

When does puberty occur?

A

At age 11-14 for females.

At age 13-15 for males.

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12
Q

What makes puberty occur?

A

It starts when the pituitary gland sends hormones to the genital organs.

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13
Q

What changes occur during puberty in women?

A
  • Female secondary sexual characteristics develop

- Ovaries start releasing egg cells, and menstruation starts.

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14
Q

What changes occur during puberty in men?

A
  • Male secondary sexual characteristics develop

- Testes start producing sperm cells.

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15
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics commonly occur in all genders?

A
  • Pubic hair develops
  • Underarm hair develops
  • Sexual organs mature
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16
Q

Do emotional changes occur during puberty?

A

Yes!

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17
Q

What is the penis?

A

The male organ inserted into the female vagina during sexual intercourse.

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18
Q

What are the testes?

A

The two male organs that make sperm cells and testosterone.

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19
Q

How are the two testes contained?

A

They are contained in a bag-like structure called the scrotum, which is outside the body.

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20
Q

Why are the testes contained out of the body?

A

Inside the body it is too warm, and sperm die. Outside the body, they are kept at the right temperature.

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21
Q

What are the two functions of the penis?

A
  • Passing out urine

- Passing semen

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22
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

There are two of them. They are a mass of coils that connects the testicles to the vas deferens / sperm duct.

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23
Q

What is the vas deferens / sperm duct?

A

The sperm pass through this from the epididymis.

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24
Q

Where do the sperm ducts lead to?

A

They are lead to the ejaculatory ducts. Here the sperms are mixed with fluids.

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25
Q

Why are sperm mixed with fluids in the ejaculatory ducts?

A

The sperm need nourishment to survive, and need to be protected from acidic conditions coming their way.

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26
Q

What are the two parts that help produce fluids for the sperm to be mixed with in the ejaculatory ducts?

A

The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles.

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27
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

It secretes a fluid that helps nourish the sperms.

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28
Q

What is the function of the prostate glands?

A

It secretes the prostate fluid.

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29
Q

What is the Cooper’s gland / Bulbourethral gland?

A

It is the gland that provides the final secretion of fluid that forms semen.

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30
Q

What is the mixture of sperm and fluids called?

A

Semen.

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31
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube were the semen leaves the penis, and enters the female. It can also carry urine.

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32
Q

Why does sperm not mix with urine?

A

There is a ring of muscle that prevents this.

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33
Q

Are sperm unicellular or multicellular?

A

They are unicellular. They contain a nucleus, mitochondria to provide energy, and a tail to propel it. The tail lets it move on its own, which means sperm are motile.

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34
Q

What processes take place / things happen in the female reproductive system?

A

Ovum production, Fertilization, and The uterus - which is where a foetus grows.

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35
Q

What are the ovaries? Why are there two of them?

A

The two female organs that holds hundreds of undeveloped female sex cells called egg cells. There are two because each ovulation, a different one releases an egg.

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36
Q

Around how many egg cells do women have in their ovaries?

A

2 Million!

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37
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

They are finger-like projections that receive ovum when released from the ovaries, and connect them to the fallopian tubes / oviducts. They hold the ovum, and also help sweep the ovum to the fallopian tubes.

38
Q

Are egg cells motile or non-motile?

A

Unlike sperm, egg cells are non-motile. This means they cannot move on their own

39
Q

What two structures do the fallopian tubes connect?

A

The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus.

40
Q

What process takes place in the fallopian tubes?

A

Fertillisation. It is in the fallopian tubes that the sperm are able to swim to and fertilise the ovum. A zygote is formed.

41
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The uterus is the “womb”, and is the site of development of a baby. It has strong muscular walls and a soft lining.

42
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The cervix is a ring of muscle that holds a baby in place during a woman’s pregnancy. It opens into the vagina.

43
Q

Where does a fully grown baby leave the parent’s body naturally?

A

A fully grown baby leaves through the vagina.

44
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The vagina is a small muscular tube that opens to the exterior from the cervix.

45
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • It is the site where sperms are received.

- It is the passage where the baby is passed out of the body during childbirth

46
Q

What does the middle piece of a sperm cell contain?

A

A middle piece of a sperm cell contains lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the sperm.

47
Q

What’s the acrosome in a sperm cell?

A

The acrosome is in the head of a sperm, and contains enzymes which break through an ovum’s jelly coating.

48
Q

How many chromosomes do both the egg cell and the sperm cell have?

A

They both have 23 chromosomes as gametes. A zygote has 46 chromosomes.

49
Q

Around how large is an egg cell?

A

Around 130 micrometers in diameter.

50
Q

What is the function of the yolk of an egg cell?

A

It has nutrients to provide to the embryo.

51
Q

What is the jelly coat of an egg cell?

A

The jelly coat of an egg cell only lets sperm in.

52
Q

Why do many sperm die when they enter the vagina?

A

Many flow out of the vagina or die in it’s acidic environment.

53
Q

How do sperm get through the cervix?

A

They are able to get through the cervix because although it is normally closed, when the person ovulates it opens for a few days. Many die trying to get through the “cervical mucus”

54
Q

What assists the sperm to get to the egg in the uterus?

A

Muscular uterine contractions assist the sperm.

55
Q

Why do resident immune system cells in the woman kill sperm?

A

They mistake the sperm for foreign invaders.

56
Q

Why do half the sperm not reach the egg when they get to the fallopian tubes?

A

There are two fallopian tubes, and in one of them the ovaries do not release an egg cell, so half the sperm head to the wrong tube.

57
Q

In the fallopian tubes, what push the egg cell forward? Why are these “pushers” a challenge for the sperm?

A

Many cilia push the egg cell towards the uterus. This is a challenge as the sperm have to surge against the motion to reach the egg.

58
Q

What do chemicals in the fallopian tubes do to the sperm?

A

They cause the sperm heads to change, and put them in a hyperactive state that helps them swim faster.

59
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

A layer of cells that cover the egg. The sperm have to push through this to reach the surface of the egg.

60
Q

Which sperm fertilize the egg?

A

The first sperm to make contact fertilise the egg. Then, the other sperms are pushed away by chemicals.

61
Q

Zygote -> _____ -> ______

A

Zygote -> Embryo -> Fetus

62
Q

What is the scientific name for embryo development?

A

Embryogenesis.

63
Q

What happens to a fertilised egg cell as it is traveling to the uterus?

A

It keeps on dividing: From one cell to two, and from two to four, an from four to… This results in the formation of a ball-like structure.

64
Q

When there are 16 cells in an egg, what is the stage called?

A

A morula.

65
Q

What is the stage after a morula?

A

A blastula. This is the stage where the cells align themselves to form a hollow mass structure.

66
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The stage of an egg after a blastula where the cells differentiate themselves.

67
Q

What is the process of differentiation?

A

When one cell gets differentiated from the other cells in its vicinity. As a result, it creates a variety of cells.

68
Q

What is implantation?

A

The sinking of the embryo into the uterus lining. (While a blastocyst). Now it is at one fixed position.

69
Q

Why does the embryo implant itself in the uterus?

A

To derive nutrition from the wall, Give away waste, and exchange gases.

70
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ that grows into the uterus which connects the baby with the parent.

71
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

It’s what attaches the fetus to the placenta.

72
Q

What is the amnion?

A

A fluid filled sac that surrounds the fetus. It is filled with amniotic fluid and protects the baby.

73
Q

What is the stage when a baby’s organs can be identified?

A

The foetal stage.

74
Q

When do major organs in a baby begin to grow?

A

At 6 weeks old. It is about 4mm long.

75
Q

When does an embryo begin to move?

A

At 8 weeks old.. It is about 13mm long.

76
Q

When is an embryo a foetus?

A

At 11 weeks old. It is about 50mm long and moves vigorously.

77
Q

When is a foetus normally fully developed?

A

About 38 to 39 weeks after fertilisation.

78
Q

What orientation is a baby in before birth?

A

It lies with its head downwards.

79
Q

How does a baby fit out of a woman’s body naturally?

A

The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract, and make the opening of the uterus wider. Then the muscles contract in a different way to push the baby out of the opening of the uterus and through the vagina.

80
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an egg is released from an ovary.

81
Q

What is the menstural cycle?

A

The process of ovulation and menstruation (having a period) in girls.

82
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation, the lining regrowing, ovulation, and the lining thickening.

83
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle?

A

28 days.

84
Q

What is menstruation?

A

When an egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining is not needed so it is shed. The bleeding usually lasts 2-5 days.

85
Q

When in the 28 days does menstruation usually happen?

A

Day 1 to 5

86
Q

Why does the uterus lining regrow?

A

To be ready in case the woman becomes pregnant. The lining is made of spongy tissues.

87
Q

When in the 28 days does the uterus lining begin to regrow?

A

Days 6 to 10

88
Q

When in the 28 days does ovulation usually occur?

A

Days 10 to 14

89
Q

What is the “fertile period”? When is it?

A

It is a few days after the woman releases their egg, and they can become pregnant. It normally is around day 14.

90
Q

Why does the uterus lining continue to thicken?

A

To be ready for a potential pregnancy.

91
Q

When in the 28 days does the uterus lining continue to thicken?

A

Days 15 to 28

Year 9 (23 decks)

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