Geography - Term 1 Units Flashcards
What is a HIC?
High Income Country, they are countries with a high income/salary, some examples include: the United States and Canada. (Used to be MEDC)
What is a MIC?
Middle Income country, countries with a not too low or too high income/salary, some examples include: Albania and Algeria.
What is a LIC?
Low Income country, countries with low income/salary, some examples include: Somalia and Burundi. (Used to be LEDC)
Why are good institutions important?
Good Institutions will help a country grow. Since a good institution will have enough money and are developed, it can help the country by creating many services that benefit people.
Why are poor countries so religious?
- Poor countries are very religious and rely heavily on their culture.
- This is because they believe that the world they live in currently cannot be improved, so instead, they focus on having a better life in the afterlife, which is very reasonable as to why poor countries are religious.
Where are poorer countries usually found and why is it bad?
- Poorer countries are found in more tropical regions
- This causes them to have less fertile soil, which means agriculture is worse.
- More diseases too.
- Most poor countries are located in Africa and many landlocked nations tend to be poor.
What are development indicators?
- Development Indicators are things that are used to measure how developed a country is.
- It is also a series of indicators such as: GDP, HDI, Life Expectancy, Number of children in school, adult literacy, literacy rate, etc.
what is HDI? (Human development index)
- HDI is human development index.
- Score out of 1 given to a country based on their quality of life, GDP, etc.
- HDI is made up of the following: GDP per capita, Life Expectancy, Adult Literacy and Number of children in schools.
What are the 4 development indicators?
- GDP per capita
- Life Expectancy
- Adult literacy
- Number of children in school
What is Gross Domestic Product for? (GDP)
- We can calculate how much money each country earns
- It includes the total value of goods and services produced within a country
- GDP per capita (per person)
What is Life Expectancy?
- Life expectancy is how long an individual lives on average
- If life expectancy in a country is high, then that means the country has very good health care services and good quality of life.
What is Adult literacy rates?
- The number of adults who can read and write
This would be shown as a percentage, or as a figure per thousand.
What is Number of children in schools?
The amount of children attending school, this would be shown as a figure per thousand.
What is NIC?
Newly Industrialised Country, it refers to countries that are developing and are making their way to being one of the developed countries.
What is an institution?
An institution is basically an organisation or a government.
Why is there unequal access to clean water?
- People cant afford it.
- A war forces government to spend money on army, rather than improving the country.
- The country isnt developed and rich enough to make clean water through different processes (such as desalination).
Why is there different types of housing?
- People cannot afford to buy houses, so they live in poorly built slums.
- On the other hand, some people can afford to live in generally well built houses.
- It also depends on the environment.
What is going on in Libya?
- A war.
- People have to leave their homes.
- Since people have to go live in more rural areas, there is a lack of food and water.
- Tourists will not visit Libya, which means less money for the country.
- This is political factor.
What is going on in Bangladesh?
- A flood.
- Destroyed many houses and killed many people.
- Left people homeless.
- Many crops were destroyed.
- Many people lost their land.
- This is Environmental and Economic factor.
What is happening in Haiti?
- An earthquake.
- It killed 220k people and destroyed 180k homes.
- The earthquake led to lack of food and clean water.
- The country is still re-building many things and will take a long time to fix everything.
- This is Environmental, Political, Economic and Social factor.
What is happening in Mali?
- Lack of clean water.
- Many women have to walk miles to collect water.
- People can fall into the rivers.
- The water has lots of diseases.
- This is Economic, Environmental and Social factor.
What is happening in Somalia?
- Famine.
- Government is corrupt and isnt providing any aid to the people.
- Somalia lacked beneficial services which worsened the situation.
- This is Political, Environment, Social and Economic factors.
What is happening in Ethiopia?
- Coffee farmers are growing lots of coffee.
- But, they are paid less.
- However, FairTrade has helped farmers get paid more and improve their lives.
- This is Economic and Social factor.
What are first world countries?
Countries in the capitalist bloc. (Example: USA)
What are second world countries?
Countries in communist bloc. (Example: Russia)
What are third world countries?
Countries that are not in capitalist or communist bloc. (Example: Algeria)
What is Aid?
Aid is the voluntary transfer of resources from one country or (to) another
What are the 3 types of aid?
- Non-governmental
- Bi-lateral
- Multilateral
Define the 3 types of aid
Non-governmental - Aid given through charities independently
Bi-lateral - Aid given from one government to another
Multilateral - Aid given through an agency such as the World Bank. This agency then distributes the money to countries that need it.
Define Short term & Long-term Aid
Short term - Will help people for only a short time e.g., Food package
Long-term - Will help people for a long time e.g, development aid such as building a well.
Categorize these situations into either short term or long term aid
- Helicopter Rescue
- Seeds for crops
- Building a well
- Training a teacher
- Blankets
- Buying coffee at a fair price
- Lending money to a small business
- Tents
- Setting up a refugee camp
- Building a dam
- Giving out food parcels
- Vaccinating a baby
- Sending books
- Medicine for malaria
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What are the positives of aid?
- Can help people improve their health eg. Through medicines,
building of hospitals, providing doctors, clean water, sanitation. - People can become educated eg building schools through government spending.
- Infrastructure can improve. For example, other countries provide money to develop roads, bridges, buildings that can provide jobs and make life easier. (travel)
- Farmers can be taught new skills when given farming equipment, seeds and education. They will produce better quality and quantity of food.
What are the negatives of aid?
- LIC’s become dependent on countries for help. This means they will never be able to help themselves.
- Infrastructure projects (building new things) sometimes involve low pay for workers. The new development also might only benefit people or the company who owns the project.
- Governments can be corrupt and use aid in the wrong ways. For example, don’t give it to those who need it or use money aid for weapons/their own needs.
-Aid can come in the form of loans which means countries have to pay back the money and become tied to that country.
What are reasons aid should be given?
- It creates better relations between countries. No reward is expected, only help.
- HIC’s will always try and help the LIC’s, and they are morally responsible.
- Aid brings so many benefits: saving lives, education, housing,
new skills. - Emergency aid such as food and medicine could help people survive when there is a disaster.
- Development aid will help countries develop areas such as healthcare, education etc. E.g., training teachers will improve Literacy rates.
What are reasons aid shouldn’t be given?
- LIC’s will depend on the HIC’s to help them all the times. They will not be self sufficient.
- Some countries expect Aid to be paid back in some way which causes DEBT.
- Corruption in the government can mean aid sometimes does not reach the people who need it.
- LICs countries become dependent on MIC’s for help.
What is fair trade?
Fair trade is all about making sure the people that grow or make the things will get a fair price for what they do.
Why was fair trade implemented?
- We as consumers want to know exactly where our product came from.
- We want to make sure the product we use is of a high standard and everyone involved in the product was treated ethically. (in a good way)
- But usually, it is the people who grow food that are worse off than the companies who sell the product and advertise it.
What do the farmers benefit from fair trade?
The Farmer:
Makes more money
Develops business skills
Contributes to sustainable development
Grows higher quality products
Enables people to help take care of themselves
Send children to school – making their futures better
What do the retailers benefit from fair trade?
Retailer:
Better or High Quality Product leads to increased sales
Helps Business
Ethically Sourced – means retailers are more knowledgeable about where product comes from.
Can be sourced back to producer.
What do the consumers benefit from fair trade?
More Choice
Effective way to change the world
Why is fair trade not fair?
- Only a very small number of farmers get a higher, fixed price for their goods.
- These higher prices come at the expense of the great majority of farmers, who are unable to qualify for Fair trade certification and are left even worse off.
- Fair trade does not aid economic development.
What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals?
1- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2- Achieve universal primary education
3- Promote gender equality and empower women
4- Reduce child mortality
5- Improve maternal health
6- Combat HIV.Aids malaria and other diseases
7- Ensure environmental sustainability
8- Develop a global partnership for development
The deadline for these goals have a deadline of 2030
How does a new school lead to sustainable development in the economy, people and environment?
It helps the economy by: Students get skills and grow up to have higher paid jobs.
It helps people by: Education rates increase leading to a more skilled population.
It helps the environment by: Well built schools can improve the look of the overall built environment.
How does a new well lead to sustainable development in the economy, people and environment?
It helps the economy by: Water can be used for farming. Better crops can be sold for money.
It helps people by: Clean water will improve health
It helps the environment by: Water can be used to water plants. Also clean water, is good for natural environment.
How does tourism lead to sustainable development in the economy, people and environment?
It helps the economy by: More tourists will come and spend their money. Tourism jobs also created.
It helps people by: Local people meet lots of new cultures and can get jobs.
It helps the environment by: The built environment will improve.
How does farming tools lead to sustainable development in the economy, people and environment?
It helps the economy by: Better tools will lead to better and more crops which can be sold for more money.
It helps people by: People learn better farming skills and have more money to provide for their family.
It helps the environment by: Better equipment will not destroy the farm land, but maintain it.
How does recycling lead to sustainable development in the economy, people and environment?
It helps the economy by: If we reuse and recycle waste, we can transform it into something else, and sell it.
It helps people by: Better conscience will mean people will feel good about protecting their world.
It helps the environment by: Less waste therefore less pollution.
What are the 4 Job Sectors and what can you tell me about them?
Primary - this sector deals with exploiting natural resources (example: agriculture).
Secondary - this sector deals with manufacturing.
Tertiary - this sector deals with providing services to the public (example: ooredoo).
Quaternary - this sector deals with more advanced technology like computers and robots (example: Microsoft).
