Geography Flashcards
Memorise map symbols and the different types of geography
What is physical geography?
Nature/ natural disasters.
What is human geography?
People and their lifestyle; including where they live, how they develop and make a living.
What is environmental geography?
How nature can impact people and how people can impact nature.
What does physical geography include?
Volcanoes, earthquakes, rivers, seas, erosion, weather, climate.
What does environmental geography include?
Pollution, climate change, energy and deforestation.
What does human geography include?
Population, migration, settlement, countries and cultures.
What are the three types of geography?
Human, physical and environmental.
What does a compass do?
Show the direction of something.
What are the four main points of a compass?
North (N), South (S), East (E) and West (W).
What are the four secondary points of a compass?
North East (NE), North West (NW), South East (SE) and South West (SW).
What is the official name for a compass’ points?
A compass rose.
What is a continent?
Continents are large continuous landmasses.
What is a sea?
A large body of water (though not as big as an ocean) partially surrounded by land, separating the land and the ocean.
What is an ocean?
A large body of open water.
What is the difference between a sea and an ocean?
A sea is smaller than an ocean and is partially surrounded by land whereas an ocean is a massive open body of water.
What is the largest continent?
Asia.
What are the seven continents?
Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.
What are the five oceans?
Pacific, Atlantic, Southern, Indian and Arctic.
What is the largest ocean?
The Pacific Ocean.
What direction do lines of latitude go in?
They are horizontal (flat).
What direction do lines of longitude go in?
They are vertical.
What are the three main lines of latitude?
The equator, Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
What are the two main lines of longitude?
The Greenwich meridian and the international date line.
What are the other names for the international date line?
The anti-meridian or the 180º meridian.
Why are lines of latitude and longitude important?
Because they can pinpoint an exact location for any place in the world.
What are lines of latitude and longitude measured in?
Degrees.
What does PO mean?
Post office.
What does Sch mean?
School.
What does FB mean?
Footbridge.
What does a black cross mean?
A place of worship.
What does a duck mean?
A nature reserve.
What does a PC mean?
Public convenience (toilet).
What does a red triangle mean?
A youth hostel.
What does a telephone mean?
A telephone for public use.
What do two swords mean?
A battlefield
What does an ‘I’ with an orange circle round it mean?
It means an access information point.
What does an ‘I’ with a blue square around it mean?
An information centre.
Who invented the theory of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener.
What did Alfred Wegener do for a job?
He was a meteorologist.
What does a meteorologist study?
(DON’T BE TRICKED)
Weather.
What sort of person is a geologist?
Someone who studies rocks and land.
What was the main point of continental drift?
That the continents move and separate over time.
What did Wegener name the super continent?
Pangea
What are the two types of crust?
Continental crust and oceanic crust.
What is continental crust made from?
Granite
What is Oceanic crust made from?
Basalt
Which type of crust is heavier?
Oceanic crust
Which type of crust is thicker?
Continental crust
Which type of crust is lighter?
Continental crust
Which kind of crust is thinner?
Oceanic crust
How long ago was pangea formed?
240million-250million years ago
What was one piece of evidence that supported Wegener’s idea?
The fact that the same types of fossil species were found in completely different continents.
Did people believe Wegener?
No, most people and geologists didn’t. Actually though, some biologists supported his theory because it made sense of the evidence they had found over the years on fossils.
What are convection currents?
The process that allows the continents to move.
What is the first step for convection currents?
The Earth’s hot core heats the magma in the mantle around it.
What is the second step to convection currents?
The heated magma is less dense so it rises through the mantle.
What is the 3rd step to convection currents?
As it reaches the bottom of the plates the magma spreads out under the plates, dragging them apart.
What is the 4th step to convection currents?
Where two convection currents are sinking, the plates will be pulled together.
What is the 5th step to convection currents?
The magma cools and becomes more dense so sinks back towards the core.
How many layers make up the Earth’s structure
4
What is the innermost layer of the Earth called?
Inner core
What is the name of the layer in which the Earth’s granite layer is found?
Crust
What elements make up both the Outer and Inner Cores?
Nickel + Iron
What is the rock called that lies within the Mantle?
Magma
YOU MAY NEED PAPER OR A PLACE TO WRITE FOR THIS QUESTION-
Compare the differences and similarities between the Outer and Inner Cores? Think about their state, temperature and what elements they are made up of!
They are both made of iron and nickel. The inner core is hotter between 6000 and 7000 C compared to 3000 to 6000C in the outer core. The outer core is liquid but the huge pressure of the earth on the inner core means it is solid.
What is the outermost layer of the earth?
The Crust
Why didn’t people believe Alfred Wegener?
Because he couldn’t explain why or how the continents moved and because he wasn’t as qualified as others to work in that field of science.
Who thought of the idea of Convection Currents?
Arthur Holmes in 1928
1: which is the odd one out and why?
Crust
Mantle
Inner Core
Plate
It could be plate because it is the only one that isn’t a layer of the earth. It is part of the crust.
2: which is the odd one out and why?
Plate
Earthquake
Volcano
Core
It could be core because it is the only one not to do with the movement of continents.
3: which is the odd one out and why?
North American
Pacific
Antarctic
British
It could be British because it is the only one that isn’t the name of a plate tectonic.
What layer is semi-liquid and semi-solid?
Mantle
Who was Arthur Holmes?
A geologist who came up with the theory of convection currents.
What were the three pieces of evidence to support Wegener’s idea?
The fact that the continents all roughly fitted together, how the fossils lined up and also how the same sort of rock was found in completely different places.
Around where are volcanos normally found?
Plate boundaries
What are the four types of plate boundary?
Constructive, collision, conservative and destructive.
At what specific types of boundaries are volcanos normally found at?
Constructive and destructive boundaries.
Fill in the gaps:
Volcanoes and earthquakes are mostly found on the edges of plate _______.
Boundaries
Fill in the gaps:
There is a band of earthquakes through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean running from North to ______ between North America, South America, Africa, and _____ . At the Northern end of that, there is a small cluster of volcanos around Iceland.
South
Europe
Fill in the gaps:
There is a band of earthquakes from the Southern Atlantic around the coast of Africa into the ______ Ocean where it heads ______ towards Oman. Earth quakes are found all the way around the ______ Plate and Nazca Plate and this is known as the Ring of ______. ________ are found around the Northern half of the Pacific Plate.
Indian
North
Pacific
Fire
Volcanoes
There is a ______ of earthquakes around the Western edge of the Indo-Australian Plate and then North through the centre of the Eurasian Plate. A line of _______ occur on the boundary of the Eurasian and African plates. There is a small cluster of Earthquakes and volcanoes found in ______ Africa.
Band
Earthquakes
Eastern
What is a plate boundary?
The edge of the plates/ where the edge of 2 plates meet.
What is subduction?
A plate sinking under another plate.
What are fold mountains?
Mountains formed when plates collide. The plate is pushed/folded up and a chain of mountains is formed.
What is an ocean trench?
A narrow and steep ditch formed at a destructive plate boundary.
What is lava?
Molten rock on the earths surface.
What is magma?
Molten rock below the Earths surface.
What are the four main types of plate boundaries?
Destructive, constructive, collision and conservative boundaries.
True or False: At constructive boundaries, tectonic plates move towards each other.
False.
Fill in the blank: A __________ boundary is where two tectonic plates slide past one another.
conservative.
Which type of boundary is typically associated with subduction zones?
Destructive boundaries.
What geological feature is commonly formed at constructive boundaries?
Mid-ocean ridges.
What is the definition of a natural event?
A non man made event that does not pose a threat to humans.
Fill in the gaps:
A Natural HAZARD can cause _____ and _____ impacts.
Social
Economic
Fill in the gaps:
______ means impacts on peoples lives. This means injuries and deaths.
Social
Fill in the gaps:
______ means impacts on jobs and money. This means the cost of the damage or jobs that have been last due to the HAZARD.
Economic
Fill in the gaps:
A Natural HAZARD is one that occurs naturally, it is not ____-_____.
Man-made
A Natural HAZARD is only referred to as a natural ‘hazard’ if it puts _____ or buildings in danger. A volcanic eruption in a place where ___-___ lives is not a HAZARD or a danger to anyone.
People
No-one
Examples of Natural HAZARDS:
Select the correct answers.
Flooding
Nuclear explosion
Drought
Oil spill
Earthquake
Tropical storm
Bridge collapse
Volcanic eruption
Plane crash
Wild fire
Heatwaves
War
Flooding
Drought
Earthquake
Tropical storm
Volcanic eruption
Wild fire
Heatwaves
What is a natural event?
A non man made event that does not pose a threat to humans.
What is a natural hazard?
A non man made event that has social and economic effects.
What is a natural disaster?
A non man made event that causes more than 10 deaths OR more than $1 million in economic losses.
What is a social effect?
The impacts on people and their lives, e.g. injuries and deaths.
What are Economic effects?
The impacts on jobs and money e.g. the cost of damage or the jobs people lost due to the natural hazard/disaster damaging their places of work.
What are environmental effects?
The impacts on the natural world e.g. the loss of forests after a tsunami.
Give an example of a natural hazard or disaster.
You might have said any of the following:
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
Tsunamis
Flooding
Droughts
Cyclones/hurricanes
Tornados
Heatwaves
Wildfires
What is a word beginning with f that describes when results vary on a graph?
Fluctuate
If 1 is the outermost layer of the earth, and 4 is the innermost, what number would the crust of the earth be?
1
If 1 is the outermost layer of the earth, and 4 is the innermost, what number would the inner core of the earth be?
4
If 1 is the outermost layer of the earth, and 4 is the innermost, what number would the mantle of the earth be?
2
If 1 is the outermost layer of the earth, and 4 is the innermost, what number would the outer core of the earth be?
3
How hot is the earth’s crust?
Around 15°c
How hot is the earth’s mantle?
1000-3700°c
How hot is the earth’s outer core?
Around 4400°c
How hot is the earth’s Inner core?
6000°c
Is the earths crust solid or liquid?
Solid
Is the earths mantle solid or liquid?
Both
Is the earths outer core solid or liquid?
Liquid
Is the earths inner core solid or liquid?
Solid
What is the crust made of?
Basalt (oceanic crust) and Granite (continental crust)
What is the mantle made of?
Magnesium, Iron, silicon and oxygen (in the form of molten rock).
What is the outer core made of?
Liquid iron and Nickel
What is the inner core made of?
Solid white hot iron and Nickel. It’s only solid because it is being compressed so tightly by the rest of the earth.
How thick is the Earths crust?
5-7km thick
How thick is the earths mantle?
2900km thick
How thick is the outer core?
2300km thick
How thick is the inner core?
1220km thick
How much of the earth does the mantle make up?
84% of the Earth’s volume is mantle.
What is evaporation?
Transfer from water as a liquid to water as a gas
What is water as a gas called?
Water vapour
What is water as a solid called?
Ice
What is transpiration?
The loss of moisture from vegetation which then evaporates
What is through flow?
The horizontal movement of water through the soil, close to the surface. Water moves back to the river channel more slowly than surface runoff but more quickly than groundwater flow.
What is condensation?
The transfer from water as a gas (water vapour) to water as a liquid (rain drops)
What is Interception?
Precipitation falling on plants. Some of the precipitation will run off the plants leaves and on to the ground and some will be stored in the plants
What is groundwater flow?
The movement of water through the rocks above the impermeable layer of bedrock. Water moves back to the river channel slowly, and deep underground.
What is surface runoff?
The flow of water across the surface of the ground. Happens when the surface is impermeable or the ground is saturated. Water moves back to the river channel slowly.
What does permeable mean?
It allows liquids or gases to pass through it.
What does impermeable mean?
Not allowing fluid to pass through.
What does saturated mean?
Holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed
What is precipitation?
Moisture, e.g. rain, snow, sleet or hail falling from the atmosphere.
What is infiltration?
The absorption and downward movement of water into the ground.
What is a river basin / drainage basin?
A river basin / drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
What is the watershed?
The edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin. It marks the boundary between two drainage basins.
What is the confluence?
The point where two rivers meet or where a tributary joins the main river channel.
What is the mouth of the river?
The point where the river comes to the end, usually when entering a sea or lake.
What is the source of a river?
The starting point of the river. A River is often fed by a lake, spring marshy area or glacier.
What is a tributary? (TIP: they tribute to something)
Smaller rivers or streams that join or contribute (you see, TRIBUTEary?) to a larger main river channel.
What is erosion?
Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water.
What is hydraulic action?
Where the river bank’s (or bed’s) cracks are forced wider by trapped air. Some river banks can fully collapse because of this.
What is attrition?
The process of rocks smashing against each other and breaking down.
What is abrasion?
Where rocks carried by the river scrape the bed and a worn down by a sandpaper effect.
What is solution erosion?
Where acid levels in the water dissolve rocks until they diffuse into the water.
What is traction river transportation?
Rolling Stones along the river bed. This needs the most energy.
What is saltation?
Sand-sized particles that bounce along the bed in a ‘leap-frog’ movement.
What is river suspension?
Silt and clay-sized particles are carried within the water flow.
What is the bank of a river?
The land on the sides of the river
What is the bed of the river?
The bottom of it, sort of like the ocean floor.
What is valley shape? (A bit obvious)
The shape of the valley
What shapes do valleys come in?
V shaped, U shaped, wide or narrow.
What is gradient?
The angle/elevation of a river that changes as you go down stream.
What is velocity?
The speed that water travels down the river channel. (Measured in metres per second - m/s
What is the discharge of a river?
The volume of water moving down a stream or per unit of time, commonly expressed as:
1. Cubic feet/second
Or
2. Gallons/day
(It doesn’t matter which one)
River channel
An area that contains flowing water confirmed by river banks.
Sediment
Pebbles, soil and rocks being carried by a river?
What are the three sections of a river called?
The upper course, middle course and lower course.
What is the upper course channel shape like?
Thinner
What is the upper course Valley profile like?
A narrow V
What is the upper course Gradient like?
Steep
What is the upper course Velocity like?
Slowest
What is the upper course Sediment size like?
Large
What is the upper course Sediment shape like?
Angular
What is the middle course channel shape like?
Medium width
What is the middle course Valley profile like?
A U shaped valley
What is the middle course Gradient like?
Medium
What is the middle course Velocity like?
Medium speed
What is the middle course Sediment size like?
Medium size
What is the middle course Sediment shape like?
Sub-angular (good word to use)
What is the lower course channel shape like?
Wide
What is the lower course Valley profile like?
Flat/ slight curve
What is the lower course Gradient like?
Flat
What is the lower course Velocity like?
Fast
What is the lower course Sediment size like?
Small
What is the lower course Sediment shape like?
Flat and rounded
What is a river delta?
Where a river turns into a marshy area of land
What is an estuary?
An estuary is an area where a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean. (It’s the bit of water between the mouth and the river)
What landforms do you find in the upper course?
-the source
-waterfalls
-tributaries
What landforms do you find in the Middle course?
-oxbow lake
-meander
What landforms do you find in the Lower course?
Flood plain
Delta
River mouth
Estuary
How is a waterfall formed?
(This is such a long answer you might as well reveal the answer)
Waterfalls occur where a band of hard rock (e.g. granite) overlies a softer rock (e.g. sandstone).
Erosion (mainly hydraulic action and abrasion) wears away the soft rock more quickly than the hard rock.
This creates a plunge pool
where water is swilled around, any rocks and debris swept into the plunge pool, deepening it further by abrasion and attrition.
Over time, the softer rock is eroded further creating an overhang of hard rock which is then unsupported. Eventually, this hard rock collapses creating a gorge, which are steep sided deep river valleys.
This process will repeat continually, with the location of the waterfall moving back upstream.
What is hard rock?
More resistant rock
What is soft rock?
Less resistant rock
What is the term for hard rock hanging over soft rock?
An overhang
Give a type of resistant rock.
Granite
Give a type of less resistant rock.
Sandstone or limestone
What’s the term for water eroding the soft rock under an overhang?
Undercutting
What’s a famous waterfall?
Niagra falls, Victoria falls, Angel falls, etc.
How does a meander form?
(This is such a long answer you might as well reveal the answer)
A river rarely flows in a straight line - it will meander around something in its course, e.g. a tree or hard rock. This results in areas of slower and faster water morement. The river flows faster on the outside and erodes the outside bends of the river channel by the processes of hydraulic action and abrasion. This forms a river cliff.
The river flows more slowly on the inside bend of the river and deposits some of its load - this forms a river beach. Continuous erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank forms a bend in the river. Over time, meanders become
larger and more recognisable.
Where does the faster water flow on a meander?
On the outside bank.
Where does the slower water flow on a meander?
On the inside bank.
On which bank does deposition happen?
On the inside bank
On which bank does erosion happen?
On the outside bank
What are the 7 main causes of flooding?
High precipitation
Saturated soil
Resistant rock
Deforestation
Snow melt
Steep slopes (relief)
Urbanisation
Which of these 7 flood factors are
man-made? :
High precipitation
Saturated soil
Resistant rock
Deforestation
Snow melt
Steep slopes (relief)
Urbanisation
Deforestation
Urbanisation
What is this term’s case study for flooding?
The Pakistan floods in 2022
How many people died in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
1,739
How many people were affected in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
33 million
How many people were injured in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
Over 13,000
What percentage of Pakistan was underwater from the Pakistan floods in 2022?
60%
How many bridges were destroyed in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
320,000
How many $ of damage was caused in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
$10 billion
How much money was provided by the U.N. for the the Pakistan floods in 2022?
$160 million
Is Pakistan a fully economically developed country?
No. It’s an LEDC.
What’s an LEDC?
A Lesser Economically Developed Country.
How many km of road was destroyed in the Pakistan floods in 2022?
Over 5,000 km was destroyed meaning that it was difficult to transport aid.
Were there more long term or short term impacts of the Pakistan floods in 2022?
More long term, such as loss of homes and loss of their food supply for the year. That food and that property would probably have been one of their only income sources, and left others depleted.
