Biology (digestion + heart) Flashcards
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down food into nutrients that the body can use.
True or False: The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to aid in digestion.
True
Fill in the blank: The small intestine is where most _____ occurs.
digestion and absorption
Which organ is responsible for producing bile?
Liver
What are the four main stages of digestion?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyse.
False
Fill in the blank: Enzymes are made up of _____.
proteins
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting enzyme activity? a) Temperature b) pH c) Color d) Substrate concentration
c) Color
Name one example of an enzyme and its substrate.
Amylase and starch.
Short answer: Describe how temperature affects enzyme activity.
As temperature increases, enzyme activity typically increases until it reaches an optimum temperature, after which activity decreases due to denaturation.
What is an independent variable?
Something about an experiment that changes (the input)
What is a dependent variable?
Something about an experiment that you measure (the output)
What are control variables?
Things about an experiment that you ‘control’ and keep the same to make it fair.
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle.
What are the 2 types of blood?
Oxygenated and deoxygenated
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and capillaries.
What is the main artery on the left side of the heart?
The aorta
What stops the blood going backwards?
Valves that open and close to let the blood through but not backwards.
How does a heart attack happen?
When all 4 major arteries are blocked.
What is an example of a food with a high amount of protein?
An egg or meat
What is an example of a food with a high amount of Carbohydrates?
Bread or pasta
What are the 2 types of carbohydrates?
Starch and sugars
What is an example of a food with a high amount of Vitamins?
A fruit or vegetable
What is an example of a food with a high amount of Fat?
An avocado or crisps
What is an example of a food with a high amount of minerals?
Milk
What is an example of a food with a high amount of Fibre?
Orange or fruits
What is an example of a food with a high amount of water?
Fruits or a juice or, just water
What does protein do?
It repairs your muscles and helps muscle growth
What do carbohydrates do?
Give you a store of energy
What do vitamins do?
Give you energy and prevent diseases
What does fat do?
Give you slow energy
What do minerals do?
Bone growth and system functions
What does fibre do?
It helps your bowel function
What does water do?
Water Helps regulate your body temperature.
What can you use to detect if starch is present in food?
Using iodine drops directly onto the food
Does a crisp contain starch?
Yes
Does an onion contain starch?
No
Does spaghetti contain starch?
Yes
Does cereal contain starch?
Yes
Does celery contain starch?
No
What is the digestive system?
An organ system responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from the food you eat.
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water and processes food?
What does the mouth do?
Breaks down the food chemically and mechanically
What is the function of the stomach?
Churns, mixes and breakers down food.
What is the function of the Small intestine?
To absorb nutrients
What is the function of the pancreas?
To make enzymes
What is the job of the rectum?
To store Feces
What is feces?
Poo
What does the anus do?
Pass food out of the body
What is another name for the oesophagus?
Gullet
What does the oesophagus do?
Get food from the mouth to the stomach
What does the liver do?
Produces bile.
How is the large intestine adapted?
Its length.
How is the mouth adapted?
It has saliva containing enzymes to break food down chemically and teeth to chew, and break things down mechanically.
How it the stomach adapted?
It has digestive juices and acid which chemically break the food down even more.
How is the small intestine adapted?
It has digestive juices to extract nutrients and its length allows this.
How is the pancreas adapted?
It makes enzymes well to break down food on a molecular level.
How is the oesophagus adapted?
It has strong muscles in it to push the food towards the stomach (peristalsis)
What enzyme is in your saliva?
Amylase
Where does an artery carry blood to?
The rest of the body so the oxygen can be used
Where do veins carry blood to?
The lungs so that it can be oxygenated.
Where do capillaries carry blood to?
They carry blood between the veins and arteries
Are arteries under high or low pressure?
High
Are veins under low or high pressure?
Low
Is a capillary under high or low pressure?
Low
Is an artery’s wall thick or thin?
Thick (3 layers)
How thick or thin is the wall of a vein?
Thin
How thick or thin is the wall of a Capillary?
Quite Thin
Does an artery have valves?
No
Does a vein have valves?
Yes
Does a capillary have valves?
No
Where does the pulmonary artery take blood to?
The lungs
Where does the vena cava take blood to?
The right atrium
Where does the pulmonary vein take blood to?
The left atrium.
Where does the aorta take blood to?
The rest of the body
What is special about skeletal muscles?
They are the only muscle we can consciously control.
What is the skeletal muscle’s job?
Its job is to contract to move parts of the body.
What is special about cardiac muscle?
It is only found in the heart
Can cardiac muscle be consciously controlled?
No, it is an involuntary muscle
What do cardiac muscles do?
They’re responsible for pumping blood around the body
Where is the smooth muscle found?
It’s found inside organs like the small intestine
Is smooth muscle voluntary?
No- it is an involuntary muscle
What is a pair of muscles called?
An antagonistic muscle pair
What is a pathogen?
An organism that produces a disease.
Name the male reproductive organism in order.
- Testis
- Sperm duct
- Glands
4.Urethra
