genki I: L2 文法 Flashcards
what is the difference between ～れ words (ex: これ) and ～の words (ex: この)?
～れ words are nouns that mean “this/that thing” basically, but ～の words are used with another noun and just mean “this/that” (ex: これは何ですか。 “what is THAT THING” vs. このとけいはいくらですか。 “how much is THAT watch”)
what are the 4 variations of ～れ, ～の, and ～こ words? what does each mean? what particle is used with each when they are the topic?
こ～ is referring to something close to the speaker (particle は),
そ～ is referring to something close to the person you are talking to (particle は),
あ～ is referring to something not close to the speaker or the person the speaker is talking to (particle は),
ど～ are question words meaning “which thing”/”which” (particle が)
which “pointer” words can be used for humans?
だれ means who
どの + noun can refer to people if the noun refers to people
～れ series can be used for people if it is pointing to a picture of a person
what are ～こ words used for?
locations/places
when the particle も is used, where is it placed?
it can only be placed directly after the item that is just like another that has been introduced earlier.
what are the 3 negative forms of です? level of formality?
じゃないです (informal)
じゃありません (more conservative speech style)
ではありません (formal, appropriate for writing)
what is the difference between ください and おねがいします when asking for things?
ください: only used when asking for concrete items.
おねがいします: sounds “slightly more upscale” than ください, often used in restaurants, can be used to ask for abstract objects (repairs, explanations, understanding, etc.)
what is the rule for using です and its negative forms?
they must always be accompanied by a noun.
ex: saying はい、です。 or いいえ、じゃないです。 in response to a question would be incorrect, a noun must be used.
for what numbers do counters beginning with h tend to change/be exceptions?
3, 6, and 8
for what numbers do counters beginning with s tend to change/be exceptions?
3, 8
