Ｌ7：文法 Flashcards
what are the three verb classifications? (not u- ru-)
1) verbs that describe activities that last for some time (e.g., 食べる、読む)
2) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous (e.g., しぬ、おきる)
3) verbs that describe continuous states (e.g. ある、いる)
what does adding a group 1 verb (activities that last for some time) in te form to the helping verb いる／います do?
it means the activity is currently in progress right now, or that the activity is something that is done occupationally or habitually (regularly) (but, in this case, not necessarily right this moment).
what does adding a group 2 verb (changes that are more or less instantaneous) in te form to the helping verb いる／います do?
the resulting sentence describes the result of change.
ex: けっこんしています。 “married”, not “currently getting married”
what does adding a group 3 verb (continuous states) in te form to the helping verb いる／います do?
nothing–they cannot be used with いる
what is the general structure for describing someone’s physical attributes?
personはattributeがadjective
saying personのattributeはadjective is not technically wrong, but the other version is more natural
what do 行っている and 来ている indicate?
result of past/prior movement, NOT movements currently in progress
what verb group are 行く and 来る? how do we indicate that someone is currently moving somewhere?
group 2 (changes near instantaneous) we must use them in present tense (not te form plus いる), we can use 今 to say it is happening right at this moment.
list the number+counter for people from 1 person to 10 people (including question word)
なんにん 何人 ひとり 一人 ふたり 二人 さんにん 三人 よにん 四人 ごにん 五人 ろくにん 六人 しちにん 七人 （or ななにん） はちにん 八人 きゅうにん 九人 じゅうにん 十人
where should the number of people go in a sentence?
right before the verb, after the particle.
ex: クラスにはインドネシア人の学生が一人います。
how to indicate that the place is the topic/theme of the conversation?
use には instead of に
ex: クラスにはインドネシア人の学生が一人います。
what are the three meanings of あそぶ?
- to play
- to spend time pleasantly
- to pay a social call
what word is used for “play” in terms of playing games/sports and different musical instruments?
games/sports: する (to do)
stringed instruments: ひく (to use hands)
windblown instruments: ふく (to blow)
stuff like drums: たたく (to hit)
how are い type adjectives converted to て form?
replace the final い with くて
ex: やすい ➡ やすくて
how are な type adjectives converted to て form?
instead of です, use で
how are nouns+です converted to て form?
use で instead of です
what is one use for the て form of nouns and adjectives?
joining sentences together or stringing together lists of adjectives that all describe one thing (と is used to make lists of nouns, but cannot be used for lists of adjectives).
(works the same way as with verbs–the ending of the final verb/です determines past/present and negative/affirmative)
how do we describe movement to a destination for a specific purpose?
(ex: went to a department store to buy a hat)
destination（に／へ）(purpose of movement)に（行く／来る／帰る）
where (purpose of movement) is a phrase consisting of a verb stem, its object, etc.
ex:
デパートにぼうしを買いに行きました。
what is the stem of a verb?
the ます form of the verb except excluding ます
ex:
読みます➡読み
what does it mean when you see the stem of one verb + に + a movement verb (行く、来る、帰る)?
it means that the person has moved (gone, come, or returned) to another place for the purpose of doing the action described by the verb in stem form
how do we say that we used to be a certain thing when we were at a specific stage in life (for example: at a certain age or grade in school), and imply that we are not anymore?
before whatever it is that you were, put (time)の時は…
ex:
大学の時はめがねをかけていました。
“when I was in university, I wore glasses” (implied that you do not wear them anymore)
