Ｌ8：文法

Question 1

what is the short form of verbs?

Answer 1

the dictionary form

Question 2

what is the short form of い adjectives?

Answer 2

adjective just without the です

Question 3

what is the short past form of な adjectives?

Answer 3

adjectives but だ instead of です

Question 4

how to change a ru verb into negative short form?

Answer 4

drop the final る and add ない

Question 5

how to change an u verb into negative short form?

Answer 5

change the final う sound to an あ sound and add ない

Question 6

how to change an irregular verb into negative short form?

Answer 6

する➞しない

くる➞こない

Question 7

what is the u verb exception in converting to negative short form?

Answer 7

the adjective ある is entirely replaced by the adjective ない

ある➞ない

Question 8

is the informal だ at the end always said?

Answer 8

no, it is only actually spoken if there is a particle such as ね or よ following it (not か though).
(it is always used in written form though)

Question 9

how are questions said informally?

Answer 9

the か is not used, questions are indicated using rising intonation and a question mark is used

Question 10

are particles used with 何も and 何か?

Answer 10

no (at this point, there will be cases later)

Question 11

how is 何か used?

Answer 11

in a positive statement it means “something”

in a question sentence it means “anything?”

Question 12

how is 何も used?

Answer 12

in a negative statement it means “nothing”

Question 13

how do we say that we think something?

Answer 13

say what we think in short form (including the だ) and add と思います to the end.

Question 14

what is a new use/meaning of the particle と?

Answer 14

quotation particle. does the job of “” in direct quotations and ‘that’ in indirect quotations in english (as in: i thought /that/ she was taller)

Question 15

what is the best way to say you don’t think something?

Answer 15

make the phrase before the と思います negative, not と思います itself.

so, ex: “i think this is not the case” rather than “i don’t think this is the case

Question 16

how do you say you heard someone say something?

Answer 16

say what they said but in short form, and add と言っていました

Question 17

how do you say someone said something (but imply you weren’t there when they said it, like when quoting a famous person)?

Answer 17

say what they said but in short form, and add と言いました

Question 18

how do we politely request that someone refrain from doing something?

Answer 18

negative verbal short form plus でください

Question 19

how do we turn a verb phrase into a noun describing an action?

Answer 19

use short form of the verb and add の

Question 20

how do we describe verb phrases with adjectives?

Answer 20

turn the verb phrase into a noun describing an action and:

noun describing an action が adjective です。

Question 21

what particle is used with question words like だれ or 何 when they are the subject?

Answer 21

always が. never は.

Question 22

what particle is used with the noun that provides an answer to a 何/だれ question if it is the subject?

Answer 22

always が.

Question 23

what is the difference between おそい and おそく? what about はやい／はやく?

Answer 23

おそい：
➞ adjective
➞ modifies nouns or works as a predicate

おそく：
➞ adverb
➞ modifies verbs

はやい／はやく follow same pattern