Ｌ9：文法

Question 1

how to get past tense short form of verbs?

Answer 1

take the て form of the verb and replace the final e sound with an a sound
(ex:
見て　➞見た
読んで➞読んだ)

Question 2

how to get past tense short form of い adjectives?

Answer 2

same as regular past tense, but without the です.

so: final い is replaced with かった, です is not added to the end

Question 3

how to get past tense short form of な adjectives?

Answer 3

change the final です to だった.

Question 4

how to get past tense short form of nouns?

Answer 4

change the final です to だった.

Question 5

how to get negative past tense short form?

Answer 5

ない at the end is treated as an い type adjective, so final い is replaced with かった
(ex:
読まない　　　➞読まなかった
よくない　　　➞よくなかった
しずかじゃない➞しずかじゃなかった
にくじゃない　➞にくじゃなかった)

Question 6

is だった dropped in informal speech like だ?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

how are nouns qualified with verbs and adjectives?

Answer 7

(い adjective phrase)(noun)
➞かみがながい人

(な adjective phrase)な(noun)
➞ねこが好きな人

(verb phrase, short form)(noun)
➞めがねをかけている人

each qualifying phrase plus its noun is treated as one big noun

Question 8

how do we say we think something happened in the past or that someone said something about the past?

Answer 8

literally just put the quoted phrase into past short form and use と思います and と言っていました as usual

Question 9

how is the adverb もう used? pattern/meaning

Answer 9

pattern: もう + past tense verb phrase
meaning: already have done

Question 10

how does affirmative part tense of a verb relate to english “did” and “have done”?

Answer 10

it can mean either
① the event happened at a certain time in the past (like “did” in english)
② the event is a past event that still has effect at present (like “have done” in english)

Question 11

how is the adverb まだ used? pattern/meaning

Answer 11

pattern: まだ + negative ている verb phrase
meaning: yet (have not done yet), current state of things

Question 12

how does the negative past tense of a verb relate to english “didn’t do” and “have not done (yet)”?

Answer 12

only used to talk about a finished time period (only can be used for english “didn’t do”)

Question 13

how is から used in explanation?

Answer 13

follow the explanation for a situation with から, like so:
➞ explanationから、situation.
meaning:
➞ explanation; therefore, situation.

➞ situation. explanationから。
meaning:
➞ situation, because explanation.