Genitourinary Flashcards
What behavioral modification can be used for BPH?
- Decrease night time fluids
- Decrease alcohol
- Decrease caffeine
What is first line treatment for BPH?
Alpha blockers. If these are ineffective, the patient may try 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
At what age should orciopexy be done for cryptorchidism?
The testicles usually have descended by 3 months. If they haven’t by 6 months, surgery is indicated.
Is hydrocele worrisome when seen in infants?
No, this is quite common. Most will self resolve by two years of age. If they haven’t by two, then surgery can be done to correct.
16 year old patient comes in complaining of left testicular pain and heaviness. Palpation over the left testicle feels like a bag of worms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
This is classic for a varicocele. Most are left sided. If a right sided varicocele is noted, this should prompt a workup for vena cava obstruction.
What is first line treatment for stress incontinence?
Psuedoephedrine and/or imipramine.
Majority of stones will be composed of what?
Calcium oxylate make up about 80% of renal stones.
How are struvite renal stones formed?
These are formed after repeated urinary tract infections from urea splitting bacteria - Proteus.
What is the test of choice for the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis?
A non-contrast helical CT is the test of choice in adults. Children and pregnant women should have an ultrasound done first to avoid radiation.
What size stones will usually pass on their own?
Most stones
What are the two medical expulsive therapies shown to help with stone passage?
- Alpha blockers
2. Nifedipine
Why do thiazide diuretics prevent recurrence of calcium oxylate stones?
Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary calcium excretion preventing stone formation. Loop diuretics will increase calcium excretion - don’t get confused!
A 14 year old patient is coming in with left sided testicular pain. Physical exam shows edema and erythema. An abscent cremasteric reflex is noted on the left testicle. What is the next step in management?
The next best step is surgery. This patient is presenting with classic signs of testicular torsion. Also, look for a negative prehn sign.
What is the most specific marker for UTI on dipstick?
Nitritres on dip stick are most specific for UTI.
A 22 week gestation female is complaining of dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and fever. Symptoms began 2 days ago. How should this patient be managed?
This patient should be hospitalized. A urinary tract infection with fever is pyelonephritis. Fever means systemic infection. All patients who are pregnant with pyelonephritis require hospitalization.
What is the most common etiology of epididymitis?
- Patients >35 = E-coli
2. Patients
Most bladder cancers are what type of cancer?
Most are urothelial aka transitional cell carcinoma.
What is the workup required of a 45 year old patient with persistent painless hematuria?
Painless hematuria in a patient over 40 is bladder cancer until proven otherwise. These patients require cytoscopy, urine cytology, and a CT of the abdomen/pelvis.
When should you screen for prostate cancer?
Only when you and the patient have had a discussion of the risks and benefits and the patient agrees to testing. Prostate cancer should not be universally screened for!
The classic triad of palpable abdominal mass, hematuria, and flank pain indicates what disease?
This is classic for renal cell carcinoma.
What is the average age for testicular cancer?
Most will be diagnosed from 15-35 years of age.
What is the most common renal malignancy in children? How do they present?
This is a Wilms tumor. Patients are usually
What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury?
Dehydration is by far the most common cause. This will lead to prerenal azotemia (acute kidney injury). Simply hydrate these patients.
A BUN:Cr ratio of 2:1 indicates what type of AKI?
Classic for pre-renal failure.
