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Genetics test Flashcards

1
Q

what are the nitrogen bases?

A

A - adenine
T - thymine
C - cytosine
G - guanine

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2
Q

what nitrogen bases pair together

A

A pair with T
C pair with G

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3
Q

interphase

A

the cells spend most of there life there replicating DNA and make proteins etc.

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4
Q

prophase

A

chromatids become tightly colied (chromosomes)

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5
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes pulling into a line along the middle of the cell

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6
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids pull apart by spindle fibers and pulled towrad the centroies

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7
Q

telophase

A

spindle fibres and centrioles disappear
nuclear membrane starts to reform
nucleolus form inside the nucleus

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8
Q

cytokinesis

A

2 seperate cells or 2 identical daugther cells

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9
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis

A

growth and replacing cells

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10
Q

prophase |

A

homologous chromosomes are held tightly together while lined up segements of the chromosomes will be exchanged

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11
Q

metaphase |

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along equator of the cell
the spindle fibers attach to the centormere

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12
Q

anaphase |

A

chromosomes seperate and move to opposite poles
sister chromatids are still connected

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13
Q

telophase |

A

chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibres disappear
a nucleus membrane form around each cell

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14
Q

prophase ||

A

chromosomes condense and a new set of spindle fibers form

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15
Q

metaphase ||

A

chromosomes line up along th eequator of the cell

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16
Q

anaphase ||

A

the sister chromatids are pulled to the opposite poles
and become chromosomes

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17
Q

telophase ||and cytokinesis

A

nuclei form at opposite poles and make 4 daugther cells

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18
Q

differance between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis
stomacta (body cells)
2 diploid cells
identical
meiosis
sex clls
4 haploid body cells
NOT identical

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19
Q

purpose of meiosis

A

genetic reduction
genetic recombination

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20
Q

chromatids

A

one-half of a duplicated chromosomes

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21
Q

sister chromatid

A

one of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together with a centromere

22
Q

centromere

A

the place where 2 sister chromosomes are held together

23
Q

homologous pair

A

paired chromosomes similar in size, shape, gene arrangements and gene formation

24
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of genetic material

25
Q

haploid (N)

A

refers to the number of chromosomes in a gamete (23)

26
Q

diploid (2N)

A

refers to twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete (46)

27
Q

deletion

A

a segement of the chromosome is deleted

28
Q

duplication

A

a segment of the chromosome is duplicated

29
Q

inversion

A

a segment of the chromosome is inverted

30
Q

translocation

A

when a segment relocates to another spot in the chromosomes

31
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

sex chromosome XXY
extra X chromosome
sexual immaturity
breast swelling

32
Q

Turner syndrome

A

sex chromosome OX
lose of X chromosome
short stature
sexually underdevelopped
webbed neck

33
Q

Down syndrome

A

autosome trisomy 21
almond-shaped eyes
flatten face
short stature

34
Q

karyotypes charts

A

used to examine an individual’s chromosomes

35
Q

autosomes vs. sex chromosomes

A

autosomes
a chromosome that ISN’T INVOLVED in the sex of a organism
sex chromosome
a chromosome that is involved in the sex of an organism(X,Y)

36
Q

in virto fertilization (IVF)

A

used when a woman has blocked fallopian tubes
immature eggs combined with sperm in a lab
or
injecting the sperm into the egg

37
Q

advantages of IVF

A

increases conceiving
you have control over timing

38
Q

disadvantages of IVF

A

birth defects
expensive

39
Q

ethical issues of IVF

A

the quality of consent obtained from both parties
the choice of embryos for traits

40
Q

law of segregation

A

traits determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis

41
Q

law of independent assortment

A

during gamete formation, the 2 alleles for one gene assort the allele

42
Q

non-disjunction

A

the failure of homologous chromosomes to pair to one pole to separate during meiosis

43
Q

synapsis

A

the alleging of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

44
Q

allele

A

the different forms of the same gene

45
Q

homozygous

A

an organism with 2 identical alleles
BB or DD

46
Q

heterozygous

A

an organism with 2 different alleles
Bb or Dd

47
Q

dominant

A

the form of a trait that ALWAYS appears if they have the allele
Rr or RR

48
Q

recessive

A

the form of trait that apears if they have TWO alleles for it
rr

49
Q

blood types

A

A B AB O
AA, AO BB, BO AB. OO
Aint-B Aint-A NONE Aint-AB

50
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

mixing the colours
white + red = pink

51
Q

co-dominance

A

the pattern of inheritance where both alleles are expressed AT THE SAME TIME
white + red = white with red spots

52
Q

complete dominance

A

when only one allele can be shown
red + red = RED

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