Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

school > biology exam > Flashcards

biology exam Flashcards

1
Q

prophase

A

Chromatin strands become more tightly coiled and the strands join together called chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere the tugging action causes the chromosomes to pull apart making a line across the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anaphase

A

the centromere pulls apart the 2 copies of the sister chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

telophase

A

the chromatids reach the poles and the centrioles and spindle fibers disappear, The nucleus membrane and nucleolus start to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cell splits becoming identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is crossing over so important

A

it is important for genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 kinds of dominance

A

Codominance - when both alleles are expressed at the same time (a brown cow with white spots)
incomplete dominance - alleles combine (red cow + white cow = pink cow)
Complete dominance - when only one allele is expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

recessive traits and how you see them

A

Recessive traits are shown when a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous have kids there is a chance the recessive traits will be expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is Turner syndrome?

A

Tuner
Monosomic and XO, Short stature, Webbed neck, Sexually underdeveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Down syndrome

A

Downs
extra 21 chromosomes
Almond eyes, flattened face, Weak muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is Klenfieder

A

Klenfieder
XXY
Breast swelling, Sexually immature, Tall stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type A

A

Phenotype A
Genotype AA, AO
Donate A,AB
Receive A, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type B

A

Phenotype B
Genotype BB, BO
Donate B,AB
Receive B, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type AB

A

Phenotype AB
Genotype AB
Donate AB
Receive All

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type o

A

Phenotype O
Genotype OO
Donate All
Receive O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Can a father with blood type A and a mother with blood type B have a child with blood type O? Explain.

A

If a parent has the genotype AO or BO they have a 50% chance of having a child with O-type blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the function of the liver

A

breaks down toxic substances into non-toxic ones
Convert glucose into glycogen
produces biles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the function of the gallbladder

A

Stores bile and releases it to break down fat in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the function of the pancreas

A

produces insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the function of the small intestine

A

Digestion of lipids and carbs receives chyme and secretions from the gall bladder and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the function of the large intestine

A

waste removal and absorption of water and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the function of the stomach

A

Digestion of protein
Churn food to break it down
Mucus protects the stomach lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does it take place?

A

Mouth - amylase, carbs
Stomach- protein, pepsin
Small intestine- protein lipids and carbs, bile is used to emulsify fat, lipase, proteases and peptidases
The mouth is neutral - So the teeth don’t rot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the pH level of these structures

A

The mouth
neutral So the teeth don’t rot
Small intestine
8 and neutral, release into the first section to protect the small intestine or You can get ulcers
stomach
acidic and Helps break down food, HCL activates pepsin (inactive HCL won’t digest)
mucus protects the stomach layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

Prevents cough/choking
Covers your airway

26
Q

what are bicarbonate ions?

A

Acidic chyme enters if not protected by bile will cause ulcers

27
Q

what are the valves of the heart

A

aortic valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve

28
Q

functions of the heart

A

Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide
Distribution of nutrients and waste disposal
Maintain body temperature
Circulation of hormones

29
Q

locations of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood

A

Oxygenated blood on the left
Deoxygenated blood on the right

30
Q

eletorcadiaogram

A

Tachycardia – heart rate exceeds 100 beats/minute
Brachycardia – heart beats very slowly
First P wave – SA node fires atria contraction
QRS complex – AV node stimulates ventricles to contract.
Final T wave –ventricles relax

31
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

32
Q

what is vessel elasticity?

A

A healthy artery expands and recoils when absorbing the shock of systolic pressure
When a person’s arteries harden they do not expand as they should and become weaker and weaker causing high blood pressure

33
Q

what is blood volume

A

Blood volume increases when water retention from too much salt causes high blood pressure

34
Q

what is plasma

A

the liquid part of the blood
90% water

35
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

an iron-containing pigment that increases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

36
Q

what is platelets

A

Colourless has no nucleus and Initiates blood clotting

37
Q

what is white blood cells

A

Destroys invaders with antibodies

38
Q

what is red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

39
Q

the function of the respiratory system

A

Function of the respiratory system
1. Breathing – the movement of gasses between the respiratory membrane of living things and their
environment
2. Gas Exchange
3. Cellular Respiration
glucose + oxygen -carbon dioxide + water + energy

40
Q

where does gas exchange happen

A

In the alveoli, oxygen-depleted blood enters and gets infused with O2 and flows out through the venue to the rest of the body, the CO2 gets defused into the alveoli and will be exhaled into the air.

41
Q

theory of natural selection
the peppered moths

A

The peppered moths
When the trees became dark due to the industrial revolution, white or light moths couldn’t camouflage as easily and would get eaten quicker, therefore they couldn’t reproduce and the dark moths reproduced more

42
Q

homologous vs analogous structures

A

Homologous
Body parts that are similar in structure but have different functions, these structures are similar because they came from a common ancestor
Analogous
Body parts that have the same function but different internal structures, don’t have any common ancestors

43
Q

vestigial structures

A

reduced version of a structure that is not functional but was used in the organism’s ancestor

44
Q

mimicry

A

harmless species resemble (mimic) a harmful species so predators will avoid them because they think they are harmful

45
Q

fitness

A

The amount of offspring an organism can have
more offspring = more fitness

46
Q

Prezygotic-temporal

A

Temporal
Two species that live in the same place but have different mating seasons

47
Q

hybrid inviability

A

Hybrid inviability
death in the womb or just after birth

48
Q

types of selection

A

Directional Selection
favours phenotypes at one extreme over the other
favours an intermediate phenotype and selects against extreme variants of the phenotype
Disruptive Selection
favours extreme phenotypes rather than intermediate phenotypes

49
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

the system of giving a 2-word Latin name to each species, EX. Homo sapiens
Homo
Mayor group, the organisms belong to
sapiens
Specific species the organisms belong to

50
Q

lytic vs lysogenic

A
  1. Lytic cycle
    The host cell is invaded
    Virus replicates genetic info
    Multiple viruses released and activate
    The host cell is destroyed
  2. Lysogenetic cycle
    The host cell is invaded, viral DNA attaches to the chromosomes
    Remains dormant as a provirus but continues to replicate
    Passes through generations without harm
    Triggered by nutrient change or stimulus
    Virus becomes lytic and causes infection and death of many cells
51
Q

vascular bundles - structure and function

A

Transport water and other substances
Contains xylem and phloem

52
Q

where are stomata and guard cells located and function

A

Stomata
Pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange, including water vapour
Found on the underside of the leaf
Found at the bottom of the plant cell
for protection from incests
water loss
maximum photosynthesis
**Guard cells **
Occur in pairs around stomata
Regulate opening and closing of stomata

53
Q

the pathway of water and dissolved minerals as it is absorbed from the soil and reaches the vascular tissue

A

Water and minerals being absorbed in soil travel up the tree
Sugar is produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, it travels through the tree and is stored in the roots

54
Q

mayor location of photosynthesis in leaves

A

The major location of photosynthesis in leaves is in the palisade cell, they must balance the need to maximize photosynthesis with the problem of drying out

55
Q

difference in monocots and dicots

A

Monocots
Veins are parallel
Vascular bundles are scattered
Dicots
Veins are net-like
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring

56
Q

prezygotic -behavioural

A

behavioural
behaviours that prevent other organisms. from wanting to mate with organisms preventing fertilization

57
Q

prezygotic - mechanical isolation

A

mechanical isolation
Their reproductive organs don’t fit preventing fertilization.

58
Q

prezygotic-gamate isoaltion

A

gamete isolation
An egg and sperm from 2 different species meet gametic isolation, the zygote doesn’t form

59
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

Hybrid breakdown
Hybrid forms but when these hybrids mate their offspring are weak and sterile

60
Q

hybrid infertility

A

Hybrid infertility
cannot have babies /infertile

school (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions