Genetics Flashcards
Study of heredity in general and of genes in particular.
Genetics
The first to term genetics to describe the study of heredity; the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.
William Bateson 1905
known as the father of medicine, believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and, to account for this, he devised the hypothesis known as pangenesis
Hippocrates (c.460-c.375 BCE)
emphasized the importance of blood in heredity
Aristotle 384-322 BCE
(JBL) invoked the idea of “the inheritance of acquired characters,” not as an explanation; law of use and disuse
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
(ARW) originally postulated the theory of evolution by natural selection
Alfred Russel Wallace
Ship of Charles Darwin
HMS Beagle (1831-36)
(GJM) carried out a large number of cross-pollination experiments between variants of the garden pea, which he obtained as pure-breeding lines.
Gregor Johann Mendel
(CB) Used fruit flies with an extra chromosome to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the only way to explain the abnormal inheritance of certain genes was if they were part of the extra chromosome
1916:Calvin Bridges
(2-HmAhs) Showed not only that certain genes seemed to be linked on the same chromosome
1910: Hunt Morgan and Alfred Henry Sturtevant
(2-HcBm) Demonstrated that new allelic combinations of linked genes were correlated with physically exchanged chromosome parts
1931: Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock
(HJM) Showed that new alleles produced at high frequencies by treating cells with X-rays, the first demonstration of an environmental mutagenic agent.
Hermann Joseph Muller
(AG) Proposed the important idea that the certain other hereditary diseases were caused by inborn errors of metabolism
1908: Archibald Garrod
model showed that DNA was capable of self replication by separating its complementary strands and using them as templates for the synthesis of new DNA molecules.
Double Helix Model
They (3-JwFcMw) Devised a double helix model for DNA structure
1953: James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins
(2-GbEt) Showed that the genes they were studying in the fungus Neurospora crassa acted by coding for catalytic proteins called enzymes.
1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum
(2-CSb) Showed that genetic code must be read in triplets of nucleotides called codon.
1961: Crick and Sydney Brenner
(2-MmFs) Demonstrated for the first time the strand-separation method for DNA.
1958: Matthew Meselson and Franklin W. Stahl
(2-DnHos) Discovered specialized class of enzymes which was called restriction enzyme that cut DNA at specific nucleotide target sequences.
1970: Daniel Nathans & Hamilton Othaniel Smith
Made the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule by isolating DNA molecules from different sources, cutting them, and joining them together in a test tube.
Early 70’s: Paul Berg
(2-HbSc) Came up with methods to produce recombinant plasmids (extragenomic circular DNA elements), which replicated naturally when inserted into bacterial cells
Herbert W. Boyer & Stanley N. Cohen
Discovered specialized class of enzymes which was called restriction enzyme that cut DNA at specific nucleotide target sequences.
1983: Michael Smith
Invented the polymerase chain reaction, a method for rapidly detecting and amplifying a specific DNA sequence without cloning it.
1983: Karry B. Mullis
Published the results of his experiments with pea plants. His work later provided the mathematical foundation of the science of genetics.
1866: Gregor Johann Mendel
Became the first to isolate nuclein—now known as DNA
1869: Johann Frierich Miescher
(3-HdvCecEt)Give rise to the modern science of genetics
1900: Hugo de Vries, Carl Erixh Correns and Erich Tschermark
Conducted experiments and suggested that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information and that such transformation is heritable
1928: Friedrich Griffith
(2-HcBm) Published a paper demonstrating that new allelic combinations of linked genes are correlated with physically exchanged chromosome parts. Their findings suggested that chromosomes form the basis of genetics
1931: Harriet B. Creighton & Barbara McClintock
(3-OaMmCm)Reported that the transforming substance—the genetic material of the cell—was DNA
1944: Oswald Avery & Maclyn McCarty & Colin MacLeod
Discovered that the components of DNA are paired in a 1:1 ratio.
1950: Erwin Cargaff
(3 - RfMwRg) Conducted X-ray diffraction studies that provided images of the helical structure of DNA fibers.
1951:Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins & Raymond Gosling
Invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his invention.
1983: Karry B. Mullis
remains the foundation for all other areas in genetics, is concerned primarily with the method by which genetic traits—classified as dominant (always expressed), recessive (subordinate to a dominant trait), intermediate (partially expressed), or polygenic (due to multiple genes)—are transmitted in plants and animals.
Classical Genetics
the microscopic study of chromosomes, blends the skills of cytologists, who study the structure and activities of cells, with those of geneticists, who study genes
Cytogenetics
Viral genetics. Studies and findings of viral genetics have been applied to viruses pathogenic on plants and animals, including humans.
Microbial Genetics
is the study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.
Molecular Genetics
Is the study of the structure, function, and evolutionary comparison of whole genomes
Genomics
study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.
Population Genetics
It is the study of the influence of heredity on behavior
Behavior genetics
understanding and treating genetic disease and genetically influenced ill health
Medical genetics
is based on examining individual and family medical records and on diagnostic procedures that can detect unexpressed, abnormal forms of genes
Genetic Counselling
Genetically diverse lines of organisms can be crossed in such a way to produce different combinations of alleles in one line
Experimental Breeding
are used to determine the activities of genes within cells and to analyze substrates and products of gene-controlled reactions.
Biochemical techniques
focuses on the microscopic examination of genetic components of the cell, including chromosomes, genes, and gene products.
Cytogenetics (techniques)
is carried out at the cellular or subcellular level, generally on cell extrac
Biochemistry
are used in blood group determinations in blood transfusions, in organ transplants, and in determining Rhesus incompatibility in childbirth.
Immunological tecnhiques
is based on modification of defective genotypes by adding functional genes made through recombinant DNA technolog
Gene therapy
apply genetic techniques to improve plants and animals
Agriculture & Animal Husbandry
is being used to “mine” the human genome for gene products that might be candidates for designer pharmaceutical drugs.
Bioinformatics
The strand separation method
Semiconservative method
states that when certain organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny or heredity but as a model for evolution.
Law of use and disuse
