Animal form and function/ Thermoregulation Flashcards
They are complex systems of cells working in a coordinated fashion to monitor changing external conditions while
maintaining a constant internal environment.
Animals
3 parts of the cell organization
Tissue, Organ, Organ system
4 general categories of the animal tissue
- Epithelial tissue (outer skin layers and internal protective coverings)
- Connective tissue (bone, cartilage, blood)
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
They are groups of similar cells performing a common function
Tissue
It is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task
Organ system
It is a group of different kinds of tissues functioning together to perform a particular activity
Organ
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of stable internal condition
What is the function of the animal system?
Contribute to homeostasis
In many cases, stable conditions are maintained by?
Negative feedback
What happens in a negative feedback?
a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits.
Conditions are constantly monitored and evaluated by?
Receptors and control center
Evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism (an effector)
Integrator or control center
What does an effector do?
It corrects the condition(s)
So what really happens in negative feedback?
original condition is canceled, or negated, so that conditions are returned to normal
an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven further beyond normal limits.
Positive feedback
Animals can loosely grouped into two groups
Ectotherms/Endotherms
Are animals that obtain body heat from their environment.
Ectotherms
What is poikilotherms?
Changing temperature
Are animals that generate their own body heat
Endotherms
What is homeotherm(s)?
they maintain a constant internal temperature or as “warm-blooded” because their temperature is relatively warm
compared to ectotherms
What are the ways that animals regulate their temperature?
cooling by evaporation, warming by metabolism, adjusting area surface to regulate temperature
What is thermoregulation?
the process of maintaining a steady internal body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss
Many animals lose heat by sweating
Cooling by evaporation
Muscle contraction and other metabolic activities generate heat
Warming by metabolism
The extremities of bodies add considerable surface area to the body
Adjusting surface area to regulate temperature
What is vasodilation/vasoconstriction?
increasing or decreasing the diameter of blood vessels
A mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
Countercurrent exchange
heat conduction from the warm blood to the returning cold blood is redirected to internal parts of the body before reaching the extremity
Countercurrent exchange
