genetic diversity

Question 1

what is genetic diversity

Answer 1

number of different alleles in a species or population

Question 2

name 2 factors that increase genetic diversity

Answer 2

mutations in DNA

different alleles being introduced

Question 3

genetic diversity allows what to occur

Answer 3

natural selection

Question 4

what is a genetic bottleneck

Answer 4

causes a big reduction in a population

Question 5

what does the founder effect describe

Answer 5

when a few organisms start a new colony

Question 6

describe the steps of natural selection

Answer 6

1- individuals with allele for best survival will survive and reproduce
2- greater number of that allele in population
3- this will be passed on to offspring

Question 7

what is a behavioural adaptation

Answer 7

ways organisms act that increase their chance of survival and reproduction. eg possums play dead

Question 8

what is a physiological adaptation

Answer 8

processes in an organisms body that increase chance of survival eg lowering metabolism

Question 9

what is an anatomical adaptation

Answer 9

structural features of an organisms body that increase chance of survival eg thick layer of fat in wales

Question 10

what is directional selection

Answer 10

where individuals with an extreme allele are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 11

what is an example of directional selection

Answer 11

antibiotic resistance

Question 12

what is stabilising selection

Answer 12

individuals with middle range characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 13

when does stabilising selection occur

Answer 13

when environment isn’t changing

Question 14

how does human birth rate show stabilising selection

Answer 14

very small babies less likely to survive

large babies less likely to survive

middle babies is best weight

Question 15

what is phylogeny

Answer 15

study of evolutionary history of organisms

Question 16

what is taxonomy

Answer 16

involved naming organisms and organising them into groups

Question 17

each group in the classification system is called a what

Answer 17

taxa

Question 18

what is the first taxa organisms are sorted into

Answer 18

domains

Question 19

name the pneumonic for the classification system

Answer 19

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 20

as you move down the taxa of the classification systems what does it mean for relatedness

Answer 20

they get closer related

Question 21

what is a species

Answer 21

a group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

Question 22

name the 2 main rules of the binomial system

Answer 22

genus is first part of name and has capital letter
second part is species

Question 23

when writing an organisms name using binomial system by hand what must you do

Answer 23

underline it

Question 24

what is courtship behaviour

Answer 24

done by another species to attract a mate of the same species

Question 25

what is special about courtship behaviour

Answer 25

its species specific

Question 26

what have advances in genome sequencing meant

Answer 26

the entire base sequence of an organisms DNA can be determined

Question 27

what are the 2 other methods of clarifying evolutionary relationships

Answer 27

immunological comparisons and comparing amino acid sequence

Question 28

how were early estimates of genetic diversity made

Answer 28

by looking at frequency of measurable observable characteristics

Question 29

what is variation

Answer 29

differences that exist between individuals

Question 30

what 3 ways does courtship behaviour increase probability of successful mating

Answer 30

attraction to opposite sex recognise same species stimulates mating

Question 31

what should a sample be when studying variation

Answer 31

random

Question 32

why should samples be random and how can we aid this

Answer 32

so they aren't biased, can use random number generator and divide field into a grid

Question 33

how should u analyse results of variation

Answer 33

statistically

Question 34

how can mean be used in variation sampling

Answer 34

to show variation by looking at either side of the mean on a bell shaped graph

Question 35

how can standard deviation be used in variation sampling

Answer 35

shows how much values vary can be plotted on an error bar

Question 36

define biodiversity

Answer 36

variety of living organisms in an area

Question 37

define habitat

Answer 37

the place where an organism lives

Question 38

define community

Answer 38

all the populations of different species in a habitat

Question 39

what is local diversity

Answer 39

variety of species in a small habitat

Question 40

what is global biodiversity

Answer 40

variety of species on earth

Question 41

what is species richness

Answer 41

number of different species in a community

Question 42

how can species richness be worked out

Answer 42

by taking random samples of a community

Question 43

what is the index of biodiversity

Answer 43

a way of measuring biodiversity using an equation takin number of species and abundance of species into account

Question 44

what does a high index of diversity mean

Answer 44

the more diverse an area is

Question 45

name 3 examples of methods farmers use that reduce biodiversity

Answer 45

woodland clearance hedgerow removal pesticides

Question 46

give 3 examples of legal schemes to prevent lack of biodiversity

Answer 46

giving legal protection to endangered species creating protected areas environmental stewardship scheme

Question 47

Give one way, a sampling procedure can be standardised 

Answer 47

Using the same size of area 

Question 48

What are two ways u can ensure index of diversity is representative of each habitat

Answer 48

Large number of samples Use random sampling techniques

Question 49

Why is diversity better in a hedge then barley field

Answer 49

Better habitat More variety of food

Question 50

Give two reasons why grassy strips increase biodiversity

Answer 50

Increase in habitat Higher availability in types of food

Question 51

What is a mutagenic agent?

Answer 51

Factor that increases the rate of mutations

Question 52

what is meant by hierarchy

Answer 52

groups within groups no overlap

Question 53

what is the role of independent segregation in meiosis

Answer 53

provides genetic variation allows diff combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

Question 54

describe how comparisons of biological molecules can help find out how closely related species are

Answer 54

- compare dna - amino acid sequence compared - compare haemoglobin eg - inject protein -obtain antibodies - add protein from other species