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biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

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2
Q

what does the nucleus usually look like under a microscope

A

roughly spherical- sometimes contains a dark patch

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3
Q

what is the structure of the nuclear envelope like

A

double membrane and contains many pores

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4
Q

what does the nuclear envelope do

A

has an inner and outer membrane which separate the nucleus from the rest of the cell

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

controls the cells activities

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6
Q

why is dna important in the nucleus

A

contains instructions to make proteins

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7
Q

what proteins is DNA packed with and what do these make up

A

histone proteins which make up chromatin

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8
Q

what does the nuclear pores do

A

allow substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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9
Q

what 2 substances can pass through the nuclear pores

A

mRNA and ribosomes

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10
Q

what does the nucleolus do

so what process is it involved in

A

makes ribosomes

protein synthesis

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11
Q

what is the cytoplasm like structure in the nucleus called

A

the nucleoplasm

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12
Q

what is the plasma membrane made from

A

lipids and protein

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13
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane - 2

A

controls the movement of substances into and out of cells

contains receptor molecules which help respond to chemicals eg hormones

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14
Q

what is the cell wall and what is it made of

A

rigid structure for protection and made of cellulose

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15
Q

what are the ribosomes involved in

A

translating genetic material into protein for protein synthesis

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16
Q

How is a lysosome structured

A

round organelle surrounded by membrane

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17
Q

what is the function of the lysosome clue - suicide

A

contains digestive enzymes that can digest invading cells or break down worn out components of a cell

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18
Q

what is a ribosome made of
where can u find it

A

proteins and RNA

in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

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19
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

where proteins are made

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20
Q

what is the rough ER structure like

A

system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

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21
Q

what is the function of the rough ER

A

folds and processes proteins

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22
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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23
Q

what is the golgi apparatus made from

A

flattened sacs

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24
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes

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25
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria like

A

double membrane

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26
Q

what is the formula for magnification

A

I= AM

image = actual x magnification

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27
Q

what does magnification describe

A

how many times bigger an image gets when put under a microscope

28
Q

what does resolution describe

A

how much detail we can see in an image

29
Q

what is the definition of resolution

A

the smallest distance that two objects can be apart while still appearing as two objects

30
Q

how does a light microscope work

A

light is sent from a light source through a specimen and the image is magnified by a glass lens

31
Q

what types of cells can light microscopes study

A

living cells

32
Q

what kind of image does light microscopes show us

A

3D images

33
Q

what kind of radiation do light microscopes use

A

visible light

34
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of a light microscope

A

res - 200nm

mag- x2000

35
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryotes

A

bacteria

archea

36
Q

what organelles do they have that are the same as eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

ribosomes

37
Q

how do prokaryotes store there energy

A

glycogen granules and oil droplets

38
Q

what is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made of

A

murein

39
Q

what happens to the cell wall during cell division

A

gets broken down

40
Q

what can be found in all prokaryotes

A

cell membrane, DNA and cell wall

41
Q

what does the flagella do

A

a tail like structure

42
Q

what might lie on the outside of the cell wall and what does it do

A

waxy capsule which protects it from other cells and allows bacteria to stick together for survival

43
Q

what does the pili do

A

help stick bacteria together

44
Q

which organelles do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane and ribosomes

45
Q

what is the difference in what the cell wall is made from for P and E

A

P = pepitdoglycan
E = cellulose

46
Q

what size is P ribosomes v E

A

P - 70s
E- 80s

47
Q

how are the organelles set out in P v E

A

P = free float
E= membrane bound

48
Q

what is the cytoskelenton like in P v E

A

P = simpler
E = more complex

49
Q

what unique structures do P cells have on outside and what do they do

A

P = Pilli which help bacteria stick together and absorb things

flagella - which is like the tail

50
Q

what is dna like in P v E cells

A

P = free in cytoplasm
naked
circular
in plasmids

E= in nucleus
DNA is associated with histone proteins
Linear DNA

51
Q

What does the vesicle do

A

Fluid filled sac that transports substances in and out the cell

52
Q

Describe the structure f the mitrochondria

A

Inner membrane is called cristae

Inside cristae is the matrix

53
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplasts

A

Flattened structures

Double membrane

Contains thylakoid membranes which stack up to form thr grana

54
Q

How are the centrioles structured

A

Hollow cylinders made of microtubules

55
Q

What is the function of the centrioles

A

Involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

56
Q

What are the cilia structured like

A

Hair like structures that have a ring if nine pairs of protein microtubules

57
Q

What is the function of the microtubules

A

Amicrotubules the cillia to move
The movement is used to move substances along the cell surface

58
Q

name one structure present in animal cells that arent in plan cells

A

centrioles

59
Q

what are the advantages of staining specimens viewed under a microscope - 3

A
  • organelles can be identified better
  • makes more visible
  • increases contrast
60
Q

what are centrioles

A

small hollow cylinders ade of mirtubles

61
Q

what do centrioles do

A

help with the separation of chromosomes

62
Q

Name 3 characteristics of a good biological drawing

A

No shading.
Magnifications scale
No arrowheads to labels.
Label should not cross

63
Q

Name the 4 places a protein goes to get out the cell

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus.
Vesicles
Plasma membrane

64
Q

What are three functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

How to uphold the structure and strength of the cell
Help in the spitting on the cytoplasm and cytokinesis.
Help with the movement of organelles within cells.

65
Q

contrast facilitated diffusion with active transport

A

biology (16 decks)

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