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biology > DNA replication - biological molecules > Flashcards

DNA replication - biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is DNA’s main use

A

to store genetic information

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2
Q

what is RNA’s main function

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

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3
Q

what occurs in the ribosomes

A

translation - make polypeptide chains

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4
Q

what is a nucleotide made from

A

a pentose sugar
a base made of nitrogen
a phosphate group

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5
Q

a nucleotide is a m—–

A

monomer

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6
Q

what monomers make up DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

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7
Q

what is the pentose sugar in DNA called

A

deoxyribose

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8
Q

what do every DNA nucleotide have the same

A

sugar and phosphate group but different bases

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9
Q

what are the 4 different bases in DNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.

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10
Q

what is the name for the sugar moelcule in RNA

A

ribose

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11
Q

what are the 4 different bases in RNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.

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12
Q

which base gets replaced in RNA

A

T with Uracil

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13
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

a polymer of nucleotides

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14
Q

what reaction forms polynucleotides

A

a condensation reaction

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15
Q

what bonds in formation of polynucleotides

A

phosphate group of one nucleotide and sugar of another

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16
Q

what bond forms in the condensation of nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

what is the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

the chain of sugar and phosphates formed in condensation reaction

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18
Q

how many chains is DNA made up of

A

2 polynucleotide chains

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19
Q

how do the chains in DNA join up

A

hydrogen bonding

20
Q

what is complementary base pairing

A

each base can only join to another specific base

21
Q

which bases pair with each other

A

A-T
C-G

22
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T

A

2

23
Q

how may hydrogen bonds form between C and G

A

3

24
Q

how does DNA twist around

A

two antiparallel strands twist to form double helix

25
Q

what does antiparallel mean

A

they run in opposite directions

26
Q

what is RNA’s polynucleotide chain like

A

relatively short

27
Q

why was DNA not believed to carry genetic code historically

A

its simple chemical composition

28
Q

what does semi conservative DNA replication mean

A

in the daughter DNA one strand is from parental DNA and one is new

29
Q

what does DNA helicase enzyme do

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases

30
Q

what effect will helicase have on the double helix

A

causes the helix to unwind to form two single strands

31
Q

what does each original strand then do

A

acts as a template for a new strand

32
Q

what effect does complementary base pairing have on free floating nucleotides

A

causes free floating nucleotides to be attracted to their exposed base on original template strand

33
Q

what happens to adjacent nucleotides

A

they are joined together by a condensation reaction

34
Q

what is the function of DNA polymerase

A

to join together adjacent nucleotides

35
Q

what does each new DNA molecule contain

A

one strand from original DNA and one new strand

36
Q

what was the first step in Meselson and stahls experiment

A

they grew 2 samples of bacteria one containing 14N nitrogen and one containing 15N nitrogen

37
Q

what was known about the differences with 15N and 14N

A

15 was heavier so DNA would settle lower down the tube 14 n would settle at top of tube

38
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double helix

Nucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds

Bases held by H bonds

Polymer if nucleotides

Each nucleotide made of deoxyribose, phosphate and base

39
Q

Describe how a phosphodiester bond is formed between two nucleotides

A

Condensation reaction

Between phosphate and deoxyribose

Catalysed by DNA polymerase

40
Q

Explain the process of DNA separation

A

DNA helicase seperates the two strands

Breaking apart H bonds between bases

41
Q

What does DNA polymerase do

A

Joins adjacent nuclotides

Catalyst for condensation reactions

Catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds

42
Q

What is the role of single stranded DNA fragment?

A

Template for DNA replication

Determines order of nucleotides

43
Q

What is the role of DNA nucleotides?

A

Contains bases for complementary base pairing

44
Q

What two features of DNA help it with semi-conservative replication

A

Contains H bonds which allows strands to be separated

Has Two strands and both can act as templates

45
Q

Describe the role of the 2 enzymes in semi conservative replication

A

DNA helicase breaks apart H bonds

Dna polymerase joines adjacent nucleotides

Forming phosphodiester bonds

46
Q

How is a gene a code for the production of a polypeptide?

A

Base sequence triplets
Time in sequence of amino acids

47
Q

How does the phosphodiester form between two nucleotides within DNA?

A

During condensation reaction the bond forms between phosphate group and deoxyribose.
It’s catalysed by DNA polymerase.

biology (16 decks)

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