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disease and the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what is an antigen

A

a molecule that triggers an immune response when detected by the body

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2
Q

what is a phagocyte

A

a type of white blood cell

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3
Q

whats a lyzozome

A

enzymes that come from lysosomes

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4
Q

what type of cell is a t cell

A

white blood cell

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5
Q

what do t cells have on their surface and why

A

receptor proteins that bind to complementary antigens presented by phagocytes

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6
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

release chemical signals to activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic t cells

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7
Q

what to cytotoxic T cells do

A

kill abnormal and foreign cells

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8
Q

what type of cells are B cells

A

white blood cells

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9
Q

what are B cells covered with

A

antibodies

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10
Q

what is clonal selection

A

after antibodies bind to antigens substances from helper t cells activate B cells

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11
Q

what do activated B cells divide into

A

plasma cells

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12
Q

what do plasma cells secrete

A

monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

the specificity of an antibody depends on what

A

its variable regions which form the antigen binding sights

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14
Q

what is the cellular immune response made up of

A

t cells and other immune system cells they interact with

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15
Q

whats the humoral immune response made up of

A

B cells, clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

what is the primary immune response like- why

A

slow and weak - there arent many b cells to bind with

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17
Q

what gets left over after the primary immune response

A

memory cells

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18
Q

what is the secondary immune response like

A

quick and strong

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19
Q

why is the secondary immune response faster

A

memory B cells can divide into plasma cells fast and memory t can divide fast enough to kill cell carrying antigen

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20
Q

what do vaccines contain

A

antigens that cause your body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen

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21
Q

describe what herd immunity means

A

vaccines protect individuals who have had them and reduce occurance of disease

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22
Q

how can vaccines be taken

A

injected or oral

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23
Q

whats a disadvantage of taking vaccines orally

A

they can be broken down by enzymes

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24
Q

antigens on the surface of pathogens activate what kind of response

A

primary immune response

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25
when does antigenic variation occur
when a pathogen changes their surface antigen
26
what can antigenic variation be difficult for
vaccinations
27
what is active immunity
when your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen
28
what is natural active immunity
when u become immune after catching a disease
29
what is artificial natural immunity
when you become immune after youve been given a vaccination
30
what is passive immunity
when you have been given antibodies made by a different organism
31
what is natural passive immunity
when a baby gets antibodies from mother in placenta and breast milk
32
whats artificial passive immunity
when u become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else
33
which type of immunity requires exposure to antigen
active
34
which type of immunity takes a while for protection to develop
active
35
which type of immunity produces memory cells
active
36
which type of immunity provides longer term protection
active immunity
37
what is a monoclonal antibody
antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B cells
38
what special antigens do cancer cells contain
tumour markers
39
what do monoclonal antibodies do to cancer cells
bind to tumour markers
40
what can antibody-antigen complexes for tumour markers do
allow anti-cancer drugs to only accumulate in one area
41
what does the application area of a pregnancy test contain
antibodies for hCG bound to a blue bead
42
what happens to the pregnancy test when someone urinates on it
and hCG will bind to antibodies
43
how does a positive pregnancy test result show
hCG carried up stick to immobilised area concentrating it
44
what can the ELISA test be used to test for
pathogenic infections, allergies or anything that an antibody can be made for
45
what is the first step of the ELISA test
add test sample from patient to a beaker
46
what is the second step of the ELISA test
wash the sample to remove any unbound test sample
47
whats the 3rd step of the ELISA test
add antibody complementary in shape to antigen and then wash any unbound antibody
48
what is the 4th step
add a second antibody- which has enzyme attached complementary in shape to first antibody
49
whats the 5th step of ELISA test
add colourless substrate sample
50
whats a positive result for ELISA test
is liquid goes from colourless to a colour then antigen is present
51
what are some ethical issues with monoclonal antibodies
antibodies require mice to produce them
52
why might testing vaccines on people be an ethical issue
volunteers might put themselves at unescesary risk of contracting the disease
53
what happens when u contract aids
the immune system deteriorates until it fails
54
what cells does HIV invade and are hosted in
it invades helper T cells
55
when do people with HIV develop AIDS
when number of helper T cells reach a critically low level
56
what is in the centre of a virus
genetic material and some proteins
57
what encloses the genetic material in a virus
the capsid
58
whats the membrane of a virus called
the envelope
59
what sticks out of a virus and whats their job
attachment proteins - attach to host helper t cell
60
where does HIV replicate
inside the helper T cells
61
Are phagocytes specific or non specific
Non- specific
62
Are lymphocytes specific or non specific
Specific
63
Where are phagocytes found
In blood and tissues
64
What kind of response is phagocytosis
Non specific
65
Describe the stages of phagocytosis
Debris or chemicals released by pathogens attract phagocytes Receptor binding points on surface of phagocyte attach to antigens Phagocyte changes shape and moved around pathogen and engluf Pathogen is contained within a phagosome Lysosome will fuse to pathogen and release its contents Lytic enzyme hydrolyses pathogen
66
Where do t cells mature
Thymus
67
What kind of response involved t cells
Cell mediated
68
Describe a cell mediated response
Antigens are positioned on cell surface Helper t cells attach to antigens This activates helper t cells to divide by mitosis Helper t cells differentiate into other cells
69
Describe how HIV is replicated
Attachment proteins attach to receptors on helper T RNA enters cell Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA Viral proteins produced Virus assembled and released
70
What are the 4 different species that can be recognised as non self
Pathogens Cells from other organisms of same species Abnormal body cells Toxins
71
Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in ELISA TEST
Antibodies attach to complementary antigen Antibody with enzyme attached Antibody attaches to antigen Colour changes
72
What is the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis
Bind to antigen Causes clumping

biology (16 decks)

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