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PC612-Module 1 > General, pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

General, pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

• The most important properties of an ideal drug are 1. ______ 2.______3.______.

A

effectiveness, safety, and selectivity.

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2
Q

• If a drug is not ______, it should not be used.

A

effective

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3
Q

• There is no such thing as a ____ drug: All drugs can cause _____

A

safe, harm

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4
Q

• There is no such thing as a _____drug: All drugs can cause ___ _____.

A

selective, side effects

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5
Q

• The objective of drug therapy is to provide _____ with ______.

A

maximum benefit , minimum harm.

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6
Q

• Because all patients are unique, drug therapy must be _____ to each individual.

A

tailored

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7
Q

• Drugs have three types of names: a _____name, a _____or _____ name, and a _____or_____name.

A

chemical
generic or nonproprietary
trade or proprietary

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8
Q

• Each drug has only _____ generic name but can have many _____names.

A

one

trade

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9
Q

• Generic names facilitate _____ and therefore are good.

A

communication

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10
Q

Trade names _____ communication and should be outlawed.

A

confuse

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11
Q

•________ drugs are defined as drugs that can be purchased without a prescription.

A

Over-the-counter (OTC)

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12
Q

• Because the job of the drug representative is _____ and not _____, this person may not be your best source of drug information—especially if you are trying to establish an _____ _____ between the representative’s product and a drug from a competing manufacturer.

A

sales
education
information
unbiased comparison

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13
Q

• Pharmacokinetics consist of four basic processes: _______, _____, _____ and _____

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism
  4. excretion
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14
Q

• Pharmacokinetic processes determine the_____ of a drug at its _____ of _____, and thereby determine the _____ and _____ _____ of responses.

A

concentration
sites of action
intensity
time course

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15
Q

• Pharmacokinetics consist of four basic processes: _____,_____,_____ and _____.

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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16
Q

• To move around the body, drugs must cross membranes, either by _____,_____ and _____.

A

(1) passing through pores, (2) undergoing transport, or (3) penetrating the membrane directly.

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17
Q

• ______—found in the liver, kidney, placenta, intestine, and brain capillaries—can transport a variety of drugs out of _____.

A

P-glycoprotein

cells

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18
Q

• To cross membranes, most drugs must dissolve directly into the _____ of the membrane.

A

lipid bilayer

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19
Q

Accordingly, _____ drugs can cross membranes easily, whereas drugs that are _____or _____ cannot.

A

lipid-soluble

polar or ionized

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20
Q

• Acidic drugs ionize in _____, whereas basic drugs ionize in _____ _____.

A

basic (alkaline) media

acidic media

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21
Q

• Absorption is defined as

A

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.

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22
Q

• Absorption is enhanced by

A

rapid drug dissolution, high lipid solubility of the drug, a large surface area for absorption, and high blood flow at the site of administration.

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23
Q

: rapid onset, precise control over the amount of drug entering the blood, suitability for use with large volumes of fluid, and suitability for irritant drugs.

A

• Intravenous administration has several advantages

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24
Q

• Intravenous administration has several disadvantages:

A

high cost; difficulty; inconvenience; danger because of irreversibility; and the potential for fluid overload, infection, and embolism.

25
Q

• Intramuscular administration has two advantages:

A

suitability for insoluble drugs and suitability for depot preparations.

26
Q

• Intramuscular administration has two disadvantages:

A

: inconvenience and the potential for discomfort

27
Q

• Subcutaneous administration has the same advantages and disadvantages as ________

A

IM administration.

28
Q

• Oral administration has the advantages of _____,_____ and _____.

A

ease, convenience, economy, and safety.

29
Q

• **The principal disadvantages of oral administration are high _______________________________ (because oral drugs must pass through the liver before reaching the general circulation).

A

variability and possible inactivation by stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and liver enzymes

30
Q

• **Enteric-coated oral formulations are designed to release their contents in the ____________.

A

small intestine—not in the stomach.

31
Q

•**Sustained-release oral formulations are designed to release their contents_____, thereby permitting a _____ _____ between doses.

A

slowly

longer interval

32
Q

** Distribution is defined as _______.

A

the movement of drugs throughout the body.

33
Q

•** In most tissues, drugs can easily leave the _____ through spaces between the _____ that compose the _____.

A

vasculature
cells
capillary wall.

34
Q

Refers to the presence of tight junctions between the cells that compose capillary walls in the central nervous system - CNS

A

Blood brain barrier

35
Q

Because of this barrier, drugs must pass through the cells of the capillary wall rather than between them in order to reach the CNS.

A

Blood brain barrier

36
Q

Does not constitute an absolute barrier to the passage of drugs

A

The membranes of the placenta

37
Q

The same factors that determine drug movements across all other membranes determine the movement of drugs across the

A

Placenta

38
Q

Many drugs that bind reversible to plasma _____.

While bound to this substance, drug molecules cannot _____the vascular system.

A

Albumin

leave

39
Q

Defined as the enzymatic alteration of drug structure

A

Drug metabolism or Bio transformation

40
Q

Most drug metabolism takes place in the_____.

It is catalyzed by the but the APRN and_____ _____ system of the enzymes.

A

Liver

cytochrome P 450

41
Q

Promotion of renal drug excretion by converting lipid soluble drugs into more polar forms

A

The most important consequence of drug metabolism

42
Q

Other consequences of drug metabolism are:
Conversion of drugs to_____ _____ forms.
Conversion of drugs to more_____forms.
Conversion of pro drugs to their_____forms.
Conversion of drugs two more_____or less_____

A 
Less active or inactive
Active
Active
Toxic
Toxic
43
Q

Some drugs can induce or stimulate synthesis of hepatic _____ _____ _____.

They can accelerate their own_____and the_____of other drugs.

A

Drug metabolizing enzymes
Metabolism
Metabolism

44
Q

The rapid inactivation of some oral drugs as a pass through the liver after being absorbed

A

First-pass effect

45
Q

Most drugs are excreted by the

A

Kidneys

46
Q

glomerular filtration
Passive tubular reabsorption
Active tubular secretion

A

The three steps to renal drug excretion

47
Q

_________________________________________Undergo extensive passive reabsorption back into the blood and therefore cannot be excreted by the kidneys until they are converted two more polar forms by the__________.

A

Drugs that are highly lipid soluble

Liver

48
Q

Drugs can be excreted into_____ _____, thereby posing a threat to the nursing infant

A

Breast milk

49
Q

Define …… The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur.

A

The minimum effective concentration MEC.

50
Q

The therapeutic range of a drug lies between the____and the____ _____.

A

MEC

Toxic concentration

51
Q

Drugs with A _____therapeutic range are relatively easy to use safely.

A

Wide

52
Q

Drugs with a____therapeutic range are difficult to use safely.

A

Narrow

53
Q

Defined as the time required for the amount of drug in the body to declined by 50%

A

The half life of a drug

54
Q

Drugs that have a short_____must be administered more frequently than drugs that have a_____half life

A

Half life

Long

55
Q

When drugs are administered repeatedly their levels will gradually_____and then reach a steady Plauteau

A

Rise

56
Q

The time required to reach Plauteau is equivalent to about_____half lives.

A

Four

57
Q

If plasma drive levels fluctuate too much between doses, the fluctuating ends could be reduced by

A

Getting smaller doses and shorter intervals while keeping the total daily dose the same

Using a continuous infusion

Using a depot preparation

58
Q

It may be necessary to use a loading those to achieve Plauteau quickly if you have a

A

Drug with a long half life

59
Q

When drug administration is discontinued, most or 94% of the drug in the body will be eliminated over

A

Four half lives

PC612-Module 1 (38 decks)

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