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PATHOLOGY > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Permanent tissues (3)

A

Cardiac muscle, Nerve, and Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Hallmark of reversible injury

A

Cellular swelling

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3
Q

Hallmark of irreversible injury

A

Membrane damage

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4
Q

Morphologic hallmark of cell death

A

Loss of the nucleus

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5
Q

Key mediators that attack neutrophils

A

LTB4, C5a, IL-8, and Bacterial products

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6
Q

Activates Mast cells

A
  • Tissue trauma
  • Complement proteins - C3a and C5a
  • Cross-linking of cell surface IgE by antigen
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7
Q

Complement pathway in which C1 binds IgG or IgM that is bound to antigen

A

Classical pathway (“GM makes Classic cars”)

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8
Q

Complement pathway in which microbial products directly activate complement

A

Alternative pathway

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9
Q

Complement pathway in which MBL binds to mannose on microorganisms and activates complement

A

Mannose-binding Lectin pathway

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10
Q

Mechanisms that mediate pain

A
  • PGE2

- Bradykinin

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11
Q

Upregulates cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM and VCAM) on endothelium (2)

A

TNF and IL-1

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12
Q

Upregulates integrins on leukocytes

A

C5a and LTB4

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13
Q

Opsonins

A
  • C3b

- IgG

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14
Q

Fever

A
  • IL-1

- TNF

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15
Q

Anti-inflammatory (2)

A
  • IL-10

- TGF-beta

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16
Q

Defining characteristic of Granuloma

A

Epithelioid histiocytes

  • Macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm
  • Usually surrounded by giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes
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17
Q

Disease with noncaseating granulomas on neck (stellate-shaped granulomas)

A

Cat-scratch Disease

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18
Q

Syndrome with

  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Infection (recurrent)
  • Eczema
A

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

“how do you TIE a WASP”

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19
Q

Sensitive marker for screening of SLE

A

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

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20
Q

Highly specific marker for confirmation of SLE

A

Anti-dsDNA or Anti-Sm

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21
Q

Characteristic of drug-induced lupus

A

Antihistone antibody

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22
Q

Syndrome with:

  • Dry eyes (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca)
  • Dry mouth (Xerostomia)
  • Recurrent dental carries
A

Sjogren syndrome

can’t chew a cracker, dirt in my eyes

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23
Q

Sjogren syndrome is characterized by

A
  • ANA

- anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies (anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La)

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24
Q

Commonly involved organ in Diffuse type of scleroderma

A

Esophagus

-dysphagia for both solids and liquids

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25
Diffuse type of Scleroderma
antibodies to DNA topoisomerase I (anti-Scl-70)
26
Limited type of Scleroderma
CREST syndrome ``` C - Calcinosis/anti-Centromere antibodies R - Raynaud phenomenon E - Esophageal dysmotility S - Sclerodactyly T - Telangiectasias of the skin ```
27
SLE, SS, and Polymyositis
Mixed connective tissue disease
28
Characteristic of MCTD (2)
- ANA | - serum antibodies to U1 ribonucleoprotein
29
Stable tissues / Quiescent
Liver
30
Most common offender of delayed wound healing
Staphylococcus aureus
31
Components of Granulation tissue
- Fibroblasts - deposits type III collagen - Capillaries - provide nutrients - Myofibroblasts - contracts wound
32
Most commonly affected with Kaposi Sarcoma by HHV-8
- Older Eastern European Male - AIDS patient - Transplant patient
33
Most commonly affected with Nasopharyngeal carcinoma by EBV
- Chinese male | - African individual
34
Disease with mutated restriction endonucleases
Xeroderma pigmentosa
35
Sporadic mutation of RB gene (2)
- Both hits are somatic | - unilateral retinoblastoma
36
Germline mutation of RB gene
- 2nd hit is somatic - Bilateral retinoblastoma (familial RB) - Osteosarcoma
37
t(9;22)
- CML and ALL (Philadelphia chromosome) | - ABLBCR
38
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma -c-MycIg heavy chain
39
t(11;14)
Mantle cell lymphoma -cyclin D1 - Ig heavy chain
40
t(14;18)
Follicular cell lymphoma -Ig Heavy chain - Bcl2
41
Angiogenic factors (2)
- FGF | - VEGF
42
Hallmark of malignancy/Absolute distinguishing feature
Metastatic potential
43
Important for determining prognosis
Grading of cancer
44
other name of Poorly differentiated
Anaplastic
45
other name of Disorganized growth
Loss of polarity
46
Receptor for platelet adhesion with von willibrand factor
GPIb
47
Receptor for platelet aggregation via fibrinogen
GPIIb/IIIa
48
Mediator released during platelet degranulation that promotes exposure of GPIIb/IIIa
ADP
49
Mediator released during platelet degranulation that promotes platelet aggregation
TXA2
50
Most common overall symptom in disorders of primary hemostasis
Epistaxis
51
Most feared complication in disorders of primary hemostasis
Intracranial bleeding
52
Autoimmune production of IgG against platelet antigen (GPIIb/IIIa)
ITP
53
Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children and adults
ITP
54
Acute/Chronic: | Children and responds well to treatment
Acute
55
Acute/Chronic: | Adult and often relapse
Chronic
56
RBC morphology in Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Schistocytes
57
TTP/HUS: | Loss or decreased ADAMTS13
TTP
58
TTP/HUS: | abnormal platelet adhesion
TTP
59
TTP/HUS: | Most commonly seen in adult females
TTP
60
TTP/HUS: | with CNS abnormalities
TTP
61
TTP/HUS: | Endothelial damage by drugs or infection
HUS
62
TTP/HUS: | Associated with undercooked beef with E.coli 0157:H7
HUS
63
TTP/HUS: | with Renal insufficiency
HUS
64
Qualitative platelet disorder with genetic GPIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome | "Big suckers"
65
Qualitative platelet disorder with impaired platelet adhesion
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome | "Big suckers"
66
Qualitative platelet disorder with genetic GPIIb/IIIa deficiency
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
67
Qualitative platelet disorder with impaired platelet aggregation
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
68
Irreversibly inactivates COX-> no TXA2 -> impairs aggregation
Aspirin
69
Impairs both adhesion and aggregation
Uremia
70
Most common coagulation factor inhibitor
anti-factor VIII
71
aPTT does not correct after mixing studies
plasma with anti-factor VIII
72
aPTT corrects after mixing studies
Hemophilia A
73
Most common inherited coagulation disorder
von willebrand factor deficiency
74
Disorder with abnormal ristocetin test and can be treated with Desmopressin
von willebrand factor deficiency
75
Vitamin K gamma carboxylates
- Factors 9, 10, 7, 2 | - Protein C, S
76
Vitamin K deficiency occurs in
- Newborns - Long-term antibiotic therapy - Malabsorption
77
Best screening test for DIC
elevated D-dimer
78
Goal of Plasmin
- cleave fibrin and serum fibrinogen - destroy coagulation factors - block platelet aggregation
79
Most common inherited cause of hypercoagulable state
Factor V Leiden mutation
80
Most common type of embolus
Thromboembolus

PATHOLOGY (26 decks)

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