ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Most common tumor of men aged 15-34 yo and cause approximately 10% of all cancer deaths
Testicular germ cell tumors
Most common type of germ cell tumor (50%)
Seminomas
Most common mesenchymal tumor/neoplasm
Superficial Lipoma
Most common form of invasive breast cancer (2)
-ER positive
-HER2/neu negative
Most common type of ER+/Her2- detected by mammographic screening in women treated with menopausal hormone therapy
ER+/Her2-, Low proliferation
Most common type of carcinoma associated with BRCA2 germline mutations
ER+/Her2-, High proliferation
Most common molecular subtype of invasive breast cancer
HER2/neu positive
Most common type of breast carcinoma to present as an occult primary
Lobular carcinoma
Principal clinical features of extravascular hemolysis
-Anemia
-Splenomegaly
-Jaundice
Most specific morphologic finding in Hereditary Spherocytosis
Spherocytosis
Major pathologic manifestations of Sickle cell disease (3)
-Chronic hemolysis
-Microvascular occlusions
-Tissue damage
Most common cause of patient morbidity and mortality in Sickle cell disease
Vaso-occlusive crises
Most common cause of B+-thalassemia
Splicing mutations
Most common cause of B0-thalassemia
Chain terminator mutations
Most common type of chain terminator mutation in B0-thalassemia
creating a new stop codon within an exon
Most common cause of reduced alpha-chain synthesis in alpha-thalassemia
Gene deletion
Most severe form of alpha-thalassemia
Hydrops fetalis
Only hemolytic anemia caused by an acquired genetic defect
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Most important deficient GP1-linked protein in PNH blood cells
CD59 or Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL)
Leading cause of disease-related death in individuals with PNH
Thrombosis
Most common form of immunohemolytic anemia
Warm antibody type
Most significant hemolysis caused by trauma to red cells is seen in individuals with (2)
-Cardiac valve prostheses
-Microangiopathic disorders
Most common and important anemias associated with red cell underproduction (3)
-Nutritional deficiencies
-Secondary to renal failure
-Chronic inflammation
Major form of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Most characteristic alteration in the stomach of patients with pernicious anemia
Fundic gland atrophy
Two most common forms of DNA variation in human genome
-Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
-Copy number variations (CNVs)
Major structural protein of caveolae
Caveolin
Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells
globular protein actin (G-actin)
Initial site for the synthesis of all molecules destined for export out of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Most important inducer of VEGF production
Hypoxia
Most important receptor for angiogenesis
VEGFR2
Major component of the interstitial ECM
Fibronectin
Major constituent of basement membrane
Laminin
Best assessment of the morphology of hematopoietic cells
Marrow aspirate smers
Most common cause of agranulocytosis
Drug toxicity
Most common lesions encountered in the ovary (2)
-Functional or benign cysts
-Tumors
Most primary ovarian neoplasms arise from…
mullerian epithelium
Most common malignant ovarian tumors
Serous tumors
Most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle
increased workload
Most common epithelial metaplasia
Columnar to Squamous
Hallmarks of reversible injury (2)
-reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP
-Cellular swelling caused by changes in ion concentrations and water influx
First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells
Cellular swelling
Major causes of ATP depletion (3)
-reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients
-mitochondrial damage
-actions of some toxins (e.g. cyanide)
Most reactive oxygen-derived free radical
-Hyroxyl radical (OH-)
Principal ROS responsible for damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA
-Hydroxyl radical (OH-)
Most important sites of membrane damage during cell injury (3)
-mitochondrial membrane
-plasma membrane
-membranes of lysosomes
Two phenomena consistently characterize irreversibility
-inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation) even after resolution of the original injury
-profound disturbances in membrane function
Most common type of cell injury in clinical medicine
Ischemia
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis
Chromatin condensation
Major mechanism of apoptosis in all mammalian cells
Mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)
Most common genetic abnormality found in human cancers
mutation of TP53
Principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
Earliest morphologic markers of neuronal cell death
Acute neuronal injury (“red neurons”)
Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury, regardless of etiology
Gliosis
Second most common bone sarcoma in children
Ewing sarcoma of bone
Most common type of primary bone lymphoma in adults
Large B-cell Lymphoma
Most important activator of Factor IX in vivo
Factor VIIa/TF complex
Most important activator of Factor X in vivo
Factor IXa/Factor VIIIa complex
Most important coagulation factor
Thrombin
Potent inducer of platelet activation and aggregation through its ability to activate PARs
Thrombin
Most important plasminogen activator
t-PA
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary emboli
Most important independent risk factor for atherosclerosis
Family history
Most common cause of LVH
Chronic hypertension
Two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction
-Hemodynamic disturbances
-Hypercholesterolemia
Most common malignancy of the GI tract and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
Adenocarcinoma of the colon
Two most important prognostic factor in colon adenocarcinoma
-Depth of invasion
-Presence of lymph node metastases
Most common site of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma
Liver
Hallmark of malignancy
Anaplasia or Lack of Differentiation
Most reliable feature that differentiates cancers from benign tumors
Invasiveness
Most common pathway for the initial dissemination of Carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
Most common causes of significant fatty change in the liver (fatty liver) in developed nations
-Alcohol abuse
-Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which is often associated with Diabetes and Obesity
Most common exogenous pigment
Carbon (coal dust)
Only endogenous brown-black pigment
Melanin
Major participants in the inflammatory reaction in tissues
-Blood vessels
-Leukocytes
Hallmarks of Acute inflammation
-Rubor (redness)
-Tumor (swelling)
-Calor (heat)
-Dolor (pain)
-Functio laesa (Loss of function)
Most common mechanism of vascular leakage
contraction of endothelial cells resulting in increased interendothelial spaces
Most common exogenous agent of chemotaxis
Bacterial products
Most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
Major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase
alpha1-antitrypsin
Two major vasoactive amines
-Histamin
-Serotonin
Richest source of histamine
Mast cells
Major prostaglandin made by mast cells
PGD2
Potent chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils causing aggregation and adhesion of the cells to venular endothelium, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomal enzymes
LTB4
Morphologic hallmarks of Acute inflammatory reactions (2)
-Dilatation of small blood vessels
-Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
Most frequent cause of purulent (suppurative) inflammation
Infection with bacteria that cause liquefactive tissue necrosis
Dominant cells in most chronic inflammatory reactions
Macrophages
Most common cause of defective inflammation
Leukocyte deficiency resulting from:
-replacement of the bone marrow by leukemias and metastatic tumors
-suppression of the marrow by therapies for cancer and graft rejection
Most important stem cells for regeneration after injury (in adults)
Tissue stem cells
Most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)
Main source of collagen in lungs and kidneys
Myofibroblasts
Major collagen producers in liver cirrhosis
stellate cells
Most important cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society
Cardiovascular disease
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary embolism
5th most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide
Amniotic fluid embolism
Dominant histologic characteristic of infarction
ischemic coagulative necrosis
Most important determinant of whether vessel occlusion will cause tissue damage
Availability of an alternative blood supply
Make up the largest category of Mendelian disorders
Autosomal recessive traits
The principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
Gliosis is characterized by both __ and __ of astrocytes
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
other name of Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is obstructed
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Does not communicate with the subarachnoid space
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Example is a mass in the 3rd ventricle
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is in communication with the subarachnoid space
Communicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Enlargement of the entire ventricular system
Communicating
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Smooth surface form
Type 1
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with mutations that disrupt the signaling for migration and the cytoskeletal “motor” proteins that divide migration of neuroblasts
Type 1
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Rough or cobblestoned surfaced form
Type 2
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with genetic alterations that disrupt the “stop signal” for migration
Type 2
Major determinants of the consequences of CNS trauma (2):
-Anatomic location of the lesion
-Limited capacity of the brain for functional repair
Most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality from neurologic disease
Stroke
How many percent of the body weight is the brain?
1-2%
How much (in percent) of the resting cardiac output does the brain receive?
15%
How much (in percent) of the body’s oxygen consumption does the brain consume?
20%
Most sensitive CNS cells
Neurons
Most sensitive neurons in the brain (3)
-Pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus (especially area CA1, also referred to as Sommer sector)
-Cerebellar purkinje cells
-Pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex
Major source of collateral flow in the brain
Circle of Willis
Most common culprit of embolism to the brain
Cardiac mural thrombi
Most common association of thrombotic occlusions (2)
-Atherosclerosis
-Plaque rupture
Most common sites of thrombotic occlusions to the brain (3)
-Carotid bifurcation
-Origin of the MCA
-either end of the basilar artery
Most important effects of hypertension on the brain (4)
-Lacunar infarcts
-Slit hemorrhages
-Hypertensive encephalopathy
-Massive hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage
Risk factor most commonly associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhages
Hypertension
