ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Most common tumor of men aged 15-34 yo and cause approximately 10% of all cancer deaths
Testicular germ cell tumors
Most common type of germ cell tumor (50%)
Seminomas
Most common mesenchymal tumor/neoplasm
Superficial Lipoma
Most common form of invasive breast cancer (2)
-ER positive
-HER2/neu negative
Most common type of ER+/Her2- detected by mammographic screening in women treated with menopausal hormone therapy
ER+/Her2-, Low proliferation
Most common type of carcinoma associated with BRCA2 germline mutations
ER+/Her2-, High proliferation
Most common molecular subtype of invasive breast cancer
HER2/neu positive
Most common type of breast carcinoma to present as an occult primary
Lobular carcinoma
Principal clinical features of extravascular hemolysis
-Anemia
-Splenomegaly
-Jaundice
Most specific morphologic finding in Hereditary Spherocytosis
Spherocytosis
Major pathologic manifestations of Sickle cell disease (3)
-Chronic hemolysis
-Microvascular occlusions
-Tissue damage
Most common cause of patient morbidity and mortality in Sickle cell disease
Vaso-occlusive crises
Most common cause of B+-thalassemia
Splicing mutations
Most common cause of B0-thalassemia
Chain terminator mutations
Most common type of chain terminator mutation in B0-thalassemia
creating a new stop codon within an exon
Most common cause of reduced alpha-chain synthesis in alpha-thalassemia
Gene deletion
Most severe form of alpha-thalassemia
Hydrops fetalis
Only hemolytic anemia caused by an acquired genetic defect
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Most important deficient GP1-linked protein in PNH blood cells
CD59 or Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL)
Leading cause of disease-related death in individuals with PNH
Thrombosis
Most common form of immunohemolytic anemia
Warm antibody type
Most significant hemolysis caused by trauma to red cells is seen in individuals with (2)
-Cardiac valve prostheses
-Microangiopathic disorders
Most common and important anemias associated with red cell underproduction (3)
-Nutritional deficiencies
-Secondary to renal failure
-Chronic inflammation
Major form of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Most characteristic alteration in the stomach of patients with pernicious anemia
Fundic gland atrophy
Two most common forms of DNA variation in human genome
-Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
-Copy number variations (CNVs)
Major structural protein of caveolae
Caveolin
Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells
globular protein actin (G-actin)
Initial site for the synthesis of all molecules destined for export out of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
Most important inducer of VEGF production
Hypoxia
Most important receptor for angiogenesis
VEGFR2
Major component of the interstitial ECM
Fibronectin
Major constituent of basement membrane
Laminin
Best assessment of the morphology of hematopoietic cells
Marrow aspirate smers
Most common cause of agranulocytosis
Drug toxicity
Most common lesions encountered in the ovary (2)
-Functional or benign cysts
-Tumors
Most primary ovarian neoplasms arise from…
mullerian epithelium
Most common malignant ovarian tumors
Serous tumors
Most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle
increased workload
Most common epithelial metaplasia
Columnar to Squamous
Hallmarks of reversible injury (2)
-reduced oxidative phosphorylation with resultant depletion of energy stores in the form of ATP
-Cellular swelling caused by changes in ion concentrations and water influx
First manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells
Cellular swelling
Major causes of ATP depletion (3)
-reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients
-mitochondrial damage
-actions of some toxins (e.g. cyanide)
Most reactive oxygen-derived free radical
-Hyroxyl radical (OH-)
Principal ROS responsible for damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA
-Hydroxyl radical (OH-)
Most important sites of membrane damage during cell injury (3)
-mitochondrial membrane
-plasma membrane
-membranes of lysosomes
Two phenomena consistently characterize irreversibility
-inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation) even after resolution of the original injury
-profound disturbances in membrane function
Most common type of cell injury in clinical medicine
Ischemia
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis
Chromatin condensation
Major mechanism of apoptosis in all mammalian cells
Mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)
Most common genetic abnormality found in human cancers
mutation of TP53
Principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
Earliest morphologic markers of neuronal cell death
Acute neuronal injury (“red neurons”)
Most important histopathologic indicator of CNS injury, regardless of etiology
Gliosis
Second most common bone sarcoma in children
Ewing sarcoma of bone
Most common type of primary bone lymphoma in adults
Large B-cell Lymphoma
Most important activator of Factor IX in vivo
Factor VIIa/TF complex
Most important activator of Factor X in vivo
Factor IXa/Factor VIIIa complex
Most important coagulation factor
Thrombin
Potent inducer of platelet activation and aggregation through its ability to activate PARs
Thrombin
Most important plasminogen activator
t-PA
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary emboli
Most important independent risk factor for atherosclerosis
Family history
Most common cause of LVH
Chronic hypertension
Two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction
-Hemodynamic disturbances
-Hypercholesterolemia
Most common malignancy of the GI tract and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
Adenocarcinoma of the colon
Two most important prognostic factor in colon adenocarcinoma
-Depth of invasion
-Presence of lymph node metastases
Most common site of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma
Liver
Hallmark of malignancy
Anaplasia or Lack of Differentiation
Most reliable feature that differentiates cancers from benign tumors
Invasiveness
Most common pathway for the initial dissemination of Carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
Most common causes of significant fatty change in the liver (fatty liver) in developed nations
-Alcohol abuse
-Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which is often associated with Diabetes and Obesity
Most common exogenous pigment
Carbon (coal dust)
Only endogenous brown-black pigment
Melanin
Major participants in the inflammatory reaction in tissues
-Blood vessels
-Leukocytes
Hallmarks of Acute inflammation
-Rubor (redness)
-Tumor (swelling)
-Calor (heat)
-Dolor (pain)
-Functio laesa (Loss of function)
Most common mechanism of vascular leakage
contraction of endothelial cells resulting in increased interendothelial spaces
Most common exogenous agent of chemotaxis
Bacterial products
Most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
Major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase
alpha1-antitrypsin
Two major vasoactive amines
-Histamin
-Serotonin
Richest source of histamine
Mast cells
Major prostaglandin made by mast cells
PGD2
Potent chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils causing aggregation and adhesion of the cells to venular endothelium, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomal enzymes
LTB4
Morphologic hallmarks of Acute inflammatory reactions (2)
-Dilatation of small blood vessels
-Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
Most frequent cause of purulent (suppurative) inflammation
Infection with bacteria that cause liquefactive tissue necrosis
Dominant cells in most chronic inflammatory reactions
Macrophages
Most common cause of defective inflammation
Leukocyte deficiency resulting from:
-replacement of the bone marrow by leukemias and metastatic tumors
-suppression of the marrow by therapies for cancer and graft rejection
Most important stem cells for regeneration after injury (in adults)
Tissue stem cells
Most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)
Main source of collagen in lungs and kidneys
Myofibroblasts
Major collagen producers in liver cirrhosis
stellate cells
Most important cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society
Cardiovascular disease
Most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary embolism
5th most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide
Amniotic fluid embolism
Dominant histologic characteristic of infarction
ischemic coagulative necrosis
Most important determinant of whether vessel occlusion will cause tissue damage
Availability of an alternative blood supply
Make up the largest category of Mendelian disorders
Autosomal recessive traits
The principal functional unit of the CNS
Neuron
Gliosis is characterized by both __ and __ of astrocytes
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
other name of Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is obstructed
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Does not communicate with the subarachnoid space
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Example is a mass in the 3rd ventricle
Noncommunicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Ventricular system is in communication with the subarachnoid space
Communicating
Communicating / Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus:
Enlargement of the entire ventricular system
Communicating
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Smooth surface form
Type 1
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with mutations that disrupt the signaling for migration and the cytoskeletal “motor” proteins that divide migration of neuroblasts
Type 1
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Rough or cobblestoned surfaced form
Type 2
Type 1 / Type 2 Lissencephaly:
Associated with genetic alterations that disrupt the “stop signal” for migration
Type 2
Major determinants of the consequences of CNS trauma (2):
-Anatomic location of the lesion
-Limited capacity of the brain for functional repair
Most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality from neurologic disease
Stroke
How many percent of the body weight is the brain?
1-2%
How much (in percent) of the resting cardiac output does the brain receive?
15%
How much (in percent) of the body’s oxygen consumption does the brain consume?
20%
Most sensitive CNS cells
Neurons
Most sensitive neurons in the brain (3)
-Pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus (especially area CA1, also referred to as Sommer sector)
-Cerebellar purkinje cells
-Pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex
Major source of collateral flow in the brain
Circle of Willis
Most common culprit of embolism to the brain
Cardiac mural thrombi
Most common association of thrombotic occlusions (2)
-Atherosclerosis
-Plaque rupture
Most common sites of thrombotic occlusions to the brain (3)
-Carotid bifurcation
-Origin of the MCA
-either end of the basilar artery
Most important effects of hypertension on the brain (4)
-Lacunar infarcts
-Slit hemorrhages
-Hypertensive encephalopathy
-Massive hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage
Risk factor most commonly associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhages
Hypertension
Risk factor most commonly associated with lobar hemorrhages
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
Most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage
rupture of a saccular (“Berry”) aneurysm in a cerebral artery
Most common type of intracranial aneurysm
Saccular aneurysm
Most common type of clinically significant vascular malformation
Arteriovenous malformation
Most common site of AVM
territory of the MCA, particularly its posterior branches
Most common entrance of microbes to the CNS
Hematogenous spread
Most common etiology of Acute aseptic (viral) Meningitis
Enteroviruses (80% of cases)
Most common offending organisms identified in non-immunosuppressed patients with brain abscess
Streptococci and Staphylococci
Most serious complications of chronic tuberculous meningitis (2)
-Arachnoid fibrosis which could lead to hydrocephalus
-Obliterative endarteritis which could lead to arterial occlusion or infarction of underlying brain
Most common pattern of tuberculous involvement in the brain
Diffuse meningoencephalitis
Major patterns of CNS involvement of neurosyphilis (3)
-Meningovascular (common in HIV patients)
-Paretic
-Tabes dorsalis
Permanent neurologic residue of Poliomyelitis
Flaccid paralysis
-muscle wasting
-hyporeflexia
Pathognomonic microscopic finding in rabies
Negri bodies
Principal pathologic effect of JC polyomavirus
Demyelination
Three main forms of injury in fungal infection in the CNS
-Chronic meningitis
-Vasculitis
-Parenchymal invasion
Most commonly encountered fungi that invade the brain
-Candida
-Cryptococcus
Most common prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Pathognomonic finding in CJD
Spongiform transformation of the cerebral cortex
Most striking alteration of Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
-Neuronal loss
-Reactive gliosis
Where can you find the most striking alteration of FFI
Anterior ventral and Dorsomedial nuclei of the Thalamus
Most common group of primary brain tumors
Gliomas
Most common type associated with secondary glioblastoma
Proneural type
Characteristic findings in Pilocytic Astrocytomas
-Rosenthal fibers
-Eosinophilic granular bodies
Most common genetic alterations in oligodendrogliomas
mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes (IDH1 and IDH 2)
Most common location of ependymomas in adults
Spinal cord
Most common of the neuronal tumors of the CNS
Gangliogliomas
Most common poorly differentiated neoplasms in CNS
Medulloblastoma
Hallmark of rhabdoid tumor
consistent genetic alterations in Chromosome 22
Most common CNS neoplasm in immunosuppressed individuals
Primary CNS Lymphoma
Most common histologic group of primary CNS lymphoma
DLBCL
Most common cytogenetic abnormality in meningioma
loss of chromosome 22, especially the long arm (22q)
Five most common primary sites of origin of metastasis to the CNS
-Lung
-Breast
-Skin (melanoma)
-Kidney
-GIT
Most frequent clinical manifestations of Tuberous sclerosis complex (3)
-Seizures
-Autism
-Mental retardation
other name of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 (MEN1)
Wermer syndrome
other name of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 2A (MEN2A)
Sipple syndrome
Also known as Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML)
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
this disease presents in its most typical form as massive, painless, bilateral lymph node enlargement in the neck, associated with fever, leukocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
hallmark genetic change of Burkitt Lymphoma
t(8;14), t(2;8), or t(8;22)
cytogenetic abnormality in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance
t(17;22) (q22;q15)
most common primary heart tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
-May be a hamartoma rather than a true neoplasm because they regress spontaneously
Spermatocytic seminomas occur most frequently in this age group
65 or older
Most common form of testicular cancer in children, especially infants
Yolk sac tumor
Most common secondary testicular tumor:
Lymphoma
matrix protein specific to bones
Osteopontin
Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm with large numbers of osteoclast-like giant cells in background of epithelioid to spindle shaped mononuclear cells
Osteoclastoma
Glandular neoplastic lesion of the vulva which has a histologic appearance similar to that of intraductal papilloma of the breast.
Papillary hidradenoma
most common gene mutation/genetic abnormality associated with type II endometrial carcinoma
TP53
antibody isotypes present on the surface of all mature, naïve B cells
IgM and IgD
most common and important group of extra-adrenal paragangliomas
Carotid body paraganglioma
the syndrome associated with PTEN mutation that presents with benign follicular appendage tumors (trichilemmomas) and adenocarcinomas, often of the breast, endometrium and thyroid.
Cowden syndrome
This type of Endometrial Carcinoma includes high grade aggressive carcinomas such as Serous Carcinoma, Clear Cell carcinomas and even Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumors
Type II
most common cause of intestinal obstruction worldwide:
Herniation
two closely related genetic disorders involving deletion of q12 band on the long arm of chromosome 15
Prader Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome
Most common genetic disorder causing mental retardation
Trisomy 21
2nd most common genetic disorder causing mental retardation
Fragile X syndrome
Autopsy technique that involves one-by- one removal of organs
Virchow technique
(“Vir-chop-chop”)
Autopsy techinque that involves a combination of “in situ” dissection and removal of organ blocks
Rokitansky technique
(“Rokitan-situ”)
Autopsy technique that involves “en bloc” removal of the thoracic, cervical, abdominal and urogenital organs
Ghon technique
(“Ghon complex”)
Autopsy technique that involves “en mass” removal of the thoracic, cervical, abdominal and pelvic organs with subsequent dissection into organ blocks
Letulle technique
A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a coated cytoplasmic vesicle
Pinocytosis
most frequent pre-existing histologically detectable lesion in aortic dissection
Cystic medial degeneration
vasculitide that has the highest association (30%) with chronic hepatitis B infection
Polyarteritis nodosa
most common cause of right-sided heart failure
Left-sided heart failure
hallmark of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) of the mycosis fungoides type
Sezary-Lutzner cells
This immunostain best demonstrates Sustentacular cells in Phreochromocytoma
S-100
also known as Ormund disease
Retroperitoneal Idiopathic Sclerosis
This glomerular disease is characterized by diffuse thickening of the capillary wall on routine histologic sections and subepithelial spikes on electron microscopy which are immune complex deposits effacing the foot processes of the visceral epithelium
Membranous Nephropathy
Malabsorption disease due to to defective lymphatic transport
Whipple disease
A disorder associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha
Menetrier disease
Most frequent benign bone tumor
Osteochondroma
This hyperplastic lesion is the most common oral mucosal mass submitted for biopsy and is usually composed of types I and III collagen
Irritation fibroma
second most common salivary gland tumor
Warthin tumor
Macrophages with abundant cytoplasm containing dusty brown pigment are also known as
Smoker’s marcophages
PASH is stromal __ proliferation
Myofibroblastic
Atypical vascular lesion can be distinguished from Angiosarcoma by:
MYC amplification
Angiosarcoma of the breast is most common as:
After radiation therapy
Myofibroblastoma of breast stains positive for (4)
-CD34
-ER/PR
-Desmin
-Vimentin
True/False:
Major differentials of mesenchymal tumors like desmoid fibromatosis/nodular fasciitis of breast are metaplastic carcinoma
TRUE
Desmoid tumors of the breast occurs (2):
-Sporadically
-Associated with Trauma
Neurofibromas of breast are:
associated with NF1
Granular cell tumor of the breast most commonly occurs in:
Female
TRUE/FALSE:
In cases of radical nephrectomy for kidney tumors, regional lymph nodes should always be excised
FALSE
Sarcomatoid morphology is found in what subtype of renal cell carcinoma
-Clear cell
-Chromophobe
-Collecting duct
As per CAP, which system should be used to determine the tumor nuclear grade in kidney tumors
ISUP system
Most common primary lymphoma of breast
DLBCL
The association of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with pheochromocytoma with or without parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma is called:
Sipple syndrome
The most preventable cause of human death
Smoking
A form of malnutrition in children with combined severe protein and energy deficiency
Marasmus
A form of malnutrition in children with severe protein deficiency but with relatively spared calorie intake
Kwashiorkor
the major metabolite of alcohol, and is responsible for many of the
toxic effects
Acetaldehyde
the major enzyme responsible for metabolizing alcohol
Alcohol dehydrogenase
most common form of angina and is caused by an imbalance in coronary perfusion (due to chronic stenosing coronary atherosclerosis) relative to myocardial demand, such as that produced by physical activity, emotional excitement or psychological stress
Stable or Typical angina
These are clusters of Sezary-Lutzner cells (atypical T cells) found within the superficial epidermis in mycosis fungoides
Pautrier microabscesses
These are necrotic and eosinophilic basal cells that appear to interface with the inflamed papillary dermis in lichen planus
Civatte or Colloid Bodies
This type of malignant melanoma is characterized by proliferation of intraepidermal atypical melanocytes that appear dendritic and bizarre with a hyperplastic overlying epidermis, and widened and inflamed dermal papillae
Lentiginous melanoma
a useful differentiator for Basal cell carcinoma vs. skin adnexal tumors and SCCa which typically show staining of stromal cells only
CD10
results from rupture of small vessel from pooling of blood after the circulation ceases
Tardieu spots
Salivary gland that is mixed (serous and mucous) but is predominantly mucous in type
Sublingual gland
Gene mutated in mucinous tumors of the ovary irregardless if it is benign, borderline, or malignant
KRAS
ovarian malignancy most commonly associated with ovarian or pelvic endometriosis
Clear cell carcinoma
Gene mutated (somatic mutation) in Fibrous dysplasia
GNAS1
Most commonly, this syndrome presents clinically as precocious sexual development in girls
McCune-Albright syndrome
This syndrome presents with skeletal features of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with skeletal deformities identified in childhood
Mazabraud syndrome
-Intramuscular myxomas often present in adulthood in the same anatomic region as existing fibrous dysplasia
most common urinary bladder malignant tumor in children
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
leakage of sperm into the interstitium, causing a granulomatous reaction and is induced by trauma or inflammation
Epididymitis nodosa (spermatic granuloma)
Subtype of liposarcoma which contains abundant basophilic extracellular matrix, arborizing capillaries and primitive cells at various stages of adipocyte differentiation reminiscent of fetal fat
Myxoid Liposarcoma
This demyelinating peripheral neuropathy is characterized clinically by weakness beginning in the distal limbs that rapidly advances to affect proximal muscle function (“ascending paralysis”). This may lead to life-threatening respiratory paralysis
Guillain-Barre syndrome or Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal failure
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Solitary parathyroid adenoma arising in the nonfamilial setting
Most common cause of hyperpituitarism
Pituitary adenoma
The rate of tissue fixation (Buffered formalin) expressed in metric distance to time
1 mm per hour
second most common congenital cardiac malformation
Atrial septal defect
most common site of esophageal carcinomas
Distal third
segment of the small intestine more prone to develop adenocarcinoma
Duodenum
variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis that is commonly associated with a brain tumor (medulloblastoma)
Turcot syndrome
This type of ovarian epithelial tumor usually progress from benign tumors through borderline tumors that may give rise to a low-grade carcinoma:
Type I tumors (Low-grade serous, endometrioid, and mucinous)
the neoplastic alteration of the terminal-duct lobular units characterized by replacement of the native epithelial cells by one to several layers of a single epithelial cell type showing low-grade (monomorphic) cytological atypia
Flat Epithelial Atypia
neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells confined to the mammary ductal-lobular system and characterized by subtle to marked cytological atypia and an inherent but not necessarily obligate tendency for progression to invasive breast cancer
DCIS
Oncogene and Tumor suppressor genes associated with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
-KRAS (oncogene)
-CDKN2A (TSG)
This is a failure of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic primordia, and is said to be the most
common congenital pancreatic abnormality
Pancreas Divisum
atrophy of brain due to decrease in blood supply due to atherosclerotic lesions
Senile atrophy
This disease is associated with toxic exposures to cadmium and is characterized by osteomalacia and osteoporosis
Itai-itai
A disease caused by an enzyme deficiency in Sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick disease
A disease caused by hexosaminase A deficiency
Tay-Sach disease
A disease cause by Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
Gaucher disease
Deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase
Von Gierke disease
Circumscribed, flat lesion distinguished from surrounding skin by color and measuring 5 mm in diameter:
Macule
Melanocytic nevus with lymphocytic infiltration surrounding nevus cells
Halo nevus
Infiltrative atypical lymphocytes that form bandlike aggregates within the superficial dermis and invade the epidermis as single cells and small clusters is seen in:
Mycosis fungoides
Dialysis-related amyloidosis is caused by deposition of:
fibrillar ß2-microglobulin (amyloid ß2M)
Average growth rate of gallstones
1-2 mm/year
most common type of biliary atresia
Acquired
The physiological derangement set in motion by the causes of death that leads to the cessation of cellular electrical activity
Mechanism of Death
most common plasma cell dyscrasia
Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance
Most common site of implantation of tubal pregnancy
Ampulla
Also known as Lindsay tumor
Papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular variant
Most common GIT segment involved by eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Stomach
Mandibular intraosseous lesion described microscopically as “ginger root” pattern
Cementoma
hallmark of osteoporosis
Histologically normal bone that is decreased in quantity
defined as a low-grade chondrosarcoma with a second, high-grade component that does not produce cartilage
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma
contains sheets of large, malignant chondrocytes that have abundant clear cytoplasm, numerous osteoclast-type giant cells, and intralesional reactive bone formation, which often causes confusion with osteosarcoma
Clear cell chondrosarcoma
composed of islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage surrounded by sheets of small round cells, which can mimic Ewing sarcoma
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Lesions where you can find Eosinophilic Granular Bodies (EGB)
-Pilocytic Astrocytoma
-Ganglion cell tumors
-Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
This occurs when the restoration of blood flow to ischemic but viable tissues results, paradoxically, in the death of cells that are not otherwise irreversibly injured
Ischemia-Reperfusion injury
This cytokine is released from activated macrophages and is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It also stimulates keratinocyte migration and granulation tissued formation.
EGF
Results from secondary destruction of a structure that was previously normal in development
Disruption
Represents extrinsic disturbance of development due to localized or generalized compression of the growing fetus by abnormal biomechanical forces
Deformation
Represents a primary error of morphogenesis, in which there is intrinsically abnormal developmental process
Malformation
Most common cause of hypogonadism in males
Klinefelter syndrome
Most common etiologic agent of infective endocarditis
Staphylococcus aureus
Most common pediatric tumor of the heart
Rhabdomyoma
most common outcome of the most common pediatric tumor of the heart
Spontaneous regression
thymoma subtype that has the highest likelihood of invasion
B3
most common location of accessory or supernumerary spleens
Splenic Hilum
a skin lesion associated with tuberculosis but typically devoid of organisms, seen in both adults and children, and is characterized microscopically by dermal necrosis, a poorly formed granulomatous infiltrate, vasculitis, and edema
Papulonecrotic tuberculid
a reactivation type of tuberculosis which generally involves the face
Lupus vulgaris
a form of tuberculid presenting as recurrent tender subcutaneous nodules that occur mainly on the calves of women with tuberculin hypersensitivity
Erythema induratum (of Bazin)
Skin manifestation pathognomonic to Lyme disease
Erythema chronicum migrans
generally multiple, yellowish, papulonodular lesions that occur chiefly on the neck and face (particularly lower eyelids) of women. Microscopically, these tumors are formed by clusters of small ducts lined by epithelium two cells thick, occasionally with comma-shaped extensions
Syringoma
occur chiefly on the palms and soles but have been reported in many other sites. They often show a moat and hillock pattern and, histologically, are characterized by a sharp junction between the proliferating, nonpigmented, small keratinocytes and the adjacent epidermis.
Eccrine poromas
typically presents as a dome-shaped lesion with a central crater filled with keratin
Keratoacanthoma
The disorder results from deficiency of a conjugation enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1).
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Constant parathyroid finding in patients with MEN types 1 and 2a
Primary chief hyperplasia
A distinct morphologic feature of this follicular neoplasm of the thyroid is the presence of “cytoplasmic yellow body” which is a round pale yellow cytoplasmic inclusion in a paranuclear location having a refractile quality and detectable both in tissue sections and in fine needle aspiration smears
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma
salivary gland which has the highest percentage of developing a cancerous tumor
Sublingual gland
most common site of cancer involving the Sinonasal cavities
Maxillary sinus
Its other name is osteopetrosis or marble bone disease
Albers–Schönberg disease
multiple enchondromas with soft tissue hemangiomas
Maffucci syndrome
Multiple enchondromas having a predominantly unilateral distribution
Ollier’s disease
Tuberous sclerosis (3)
-subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
-cortical hamartomas
-subependymal nodules
Neurofibromatosis 2 (2)
-Bilateral vestibular schwannomas
-multiple meningiomas and gliomas e.g. spinal ependymoma
Neurofibromatosis 1 (4)
-Neurofibromas of the peripheral nerves
-optic nerve gliomas
-lisch nodules
-café au lait spots
Von-Hippel Lindau disease (4)
-Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum and retina
-pancreatic, liver and renal cysts
-renal cell CA
-pheochromocytoma
Endometriosis + Endosalpingiosis + Endocervicosis =
Mullerianosis
causative agent of verruca vulgaris
HPV 2
In classifying glomerular diseases by distribution, when a single glomerulus is affected and the lesion involves only a part of the glomerulus, this is classified as:
Segmental
This is the most common (60-70%) dysplastic lesion of the renal artery characterized by “string of beads” morphology with alternating stenosis and mural thinning.
Medial fibroplasia with aneurysms
Most common type of odontogenic tumor
Odontoma
Most common form of Schneiderian papillomas
Exophytic
The three main factors that influence the origins of nasopharyngeal carcinomas:
-Age
-Heredity
-EBV infection
Typical location of giant cell tumor of the bone
Epiphysis
This is regarded as the extra-articular counterpart of pigmented villonodular synovitis
Diffuse Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath
Most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas
Pancreas divisum
Vitamin deficient in patients with diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia
Vitamin B3
This UV penetrate more into the deep layers of the skin and may lead to premature skin aging
UVA
Most common uterine sarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
