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Anatomy > General Nervous System > Flashcards

General Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What bony cavities protects the central nervous system?

A

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal

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2
Q

What are the three layers of central nervous system membranes known as?

A

Meninges

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3
Q

The central nervous system is composed of what?

A

Encephalon (brain) and spinal cord (medulla spinalis)

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4
Q

What part of the nervous system is protected by bony cavities and meninges?

A

Central nervous system

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5
Q

The peripheral nervous system is composed of what?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
36 pairs of spinal nerves
Nerves and trunks of the autonomic nerve system

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6
Q

What is the functional division of the CNS?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

The somatic nervous system controls what?

A

Voluntary systems, skeletal muscles

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8
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what?

A

Involuntary systems, visceral muscles, smooth and nonstriated muscles, heart, glands

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9
Q

What makes up the somas in CNS?

A

Grey matter, nucleus cortex

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10
Q

What makes up the somas in PNS?

A

Ganglion

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11
Q

True or false: there are no nerves in the brain itself.

A

True

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12
Q

What does the axons in the CNS contain?

A

White matter
Tract, funiculo, fasciculus, lemniscus, peduncle
Fibers: association, projection, commissural

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13
Q

What do the axons of PNS contain?

A

Nerves
Root, trunk, branch

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14
Q

The somas and axons make up what in the CNS?

A

Reticular formation

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15
Q

What is the first (outer) layer of the nerve system during embryonic development? What does it develop into?

A

Ectoderm
Develops into neural tissue and epidermis

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16
Q

What is the second (middle) layer of the nerve system during embryonic development? What does it develop into?

A

Mesoderm
Develops into somites that differentiate into skeletal and muscle tissues, blood vessels, dermis, and connective tissues

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17
Q

What is the third (inner) layer of the nerve system during embryonic development? What does it develop into?

A

Endoderm
Develops into epithelium of the digestive and respiratory systems, organs associated with the digestive system, such as liver and pancreas

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18
Q

The neural plate is formed where during embryonic development?

A

In the ectoderm, dorsal to the notochord of the mesoderm

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19
Q

The cells in the neural plate form what?

A

Neural groove

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20
Q

The cells in the borders of the neural groove form what?

A

Neural crests

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21
Q

The cells of the neural crests will form most of what system, including what structures?

A

Peripheral nervous system, including Ganglia and spinal nerves

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22
Q

The cells remaining in the neural groove (those that do not form the neural crests) will close and form what?

A

Neural tube

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23
Q

The neural tube forms what system, including what structures?

A

Central nervous system, including encephalon and spinal cord

24
Q

What is the pyramidal decussation of the spinal cord?

A

Limit between spinal cord and brainstem
Place where the pyramidal fiber (Upper motor neurons) cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord

25
Q

What is the medullary cone?

A

End of the spinal cord
Located between L6 and L7 in dogs, S2 and S3 in cats

26
Q

The segments that gives origin to the nerves supplying the thoracic and pelvic limbs are called?

A

Intumescentiae

27
Q

Why is the spinal cord enlarged at the cervical and lumbar intumescences?

A

Due to the need for more neurons to send info to muscles

28
Q

The funiculi are composed of what?

A

Ascending and descending axon fibers

29
Q

The body of neurons are called what?

A

Somas

30
Q

The ventral root carries what type of signals to the spinal nerve?

A

Motor / efferent

31
Q

The dorsal root carries what type of signals to away from spinal nerve and towards CNS?

A

Sensory / afferent

32
Q

Afferent neurons are also called what?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

33
Q

In the domestic dog, how many pairs of cervical spine nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

34
Q

In the domestic dog, how many pairs of thoracic spine nerves are there?

A

13 pairs

35
Q

In the domestic dog, how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

7 pairs

36
Q

In the domestic dog, how many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

3 pairs

37
Q

In the domestic dog, how many pairs of caudal spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

38
Q

What are the vertebra of the cervical region?

A

C1-C5

39
Q

What are the vertebra of the cervical intumescence?

A

C6-T2

40
Q

What are the vertebra of the thoracolumbar region?

A

T3-L3

41
Q

What are the vertebra of the lumbosacral intumescence?

A

L4-S3

42
Q

What are the vertebra of the caudal segments?

A

Cd1-Cd5

43
Q

Define efferent

A

Motor impulse to a muscle that will stimulate the contraction of the muscle cells

44
Q

True or false: a motor neuron will travel in both the ventral and dorsal branches.

A

True

45
Q

What type of neuron is confined to the CNS?

A

Upper motor neuron

46
Q

What type of neuron has its cell body in the CNS but the axon in the periphery?

A

Lower motor neuron

47
Q

Afferent neurons are responsible for what?

A

Proprioception, tactile and nociception

48
Q

Tactile and nociception receptors are found where?

A

Skin, cornea, mucosa, hair/feather follicle, connective tissue

49
Q

Proprioception receptors are found where?

A

Tendons, ligaments, muscles, joints

50
Q

True or false: sensory neurons can travel to both the ventral and dorsal branches.

A

True

51
Q

A reflex comprises three parts. What are they?

A

Sensory input from a peripheral receptor
Central connection in brain or spinal cord
Output from lower motor neuron that connects to muscle via a neuromuscular junction

52
Q

Are the dorsal and ventral roots unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

Unidirectional

53
Q

What happens to a reflex if the upper motor neurons are damaged?

A

Reflexes will still be present; they may even be increased due to loss of inhibitory UMN influence (can cut UMN and still have function)

54
Q

What happens to the reflex if the lower motor neurons are damaged?

A

Damage in LMNs results in reduced/lost reflexes (lose function)

55
Q

Do motor nerves have some sort of sensory aspect?

A

Yes, all motor nerves contain proprioception afferent fibers

Anatomy (18 decks)

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