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Anatomy > Canine Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Canine Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are located at the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic vertebra and longus colli muscle

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2
Q

What structures are located at the ventral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Transverse thoracis muscle and internal thoracic vessels

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3
Q

What structures are located at the lateral/costal walls of the thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

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4
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Active

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5
Q

What is the most important muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm m

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6
Q

Other than the diaphragm, what are the other inspiratory muscles?

A

Serratus dorsalis cranialis, scalenus, rectus thoracis, and external intercostal mm

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7
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process?

A

Passive, but can be active during exercise, coughing, or sneezing

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8
Q

What are the muscles involved in expiration?

A

Serratus dorsalis caudalis, internal intercostal, and abdominal mm

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9
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that produces a serous fluid that protects, prevents friction and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity walls?

A

Serosa

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10
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central area of the thorax

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11
Q

What covers the cranial mediastinum, middle mediastinum, and caudal mediastinum?

A

Mediastinal pleura

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12
Q

What covers the walls of the pleural cavity?

A

Parietal plurae

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13
Q

What covers the inner portion of the pleural cavity?

A

Visceral (pulmonary) pleurae

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue that glues the parietal pleura with ribs and intercostal muscles?

A

Endothoracic fascia

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15
Q

What is the pleural cavity space that is not occupied by the caudal lobe of the lung even in a maximal inspiration?

A

Costodiaphragmatic resess

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16
Q

Does the pleural cavity have positive or negative pressure?

A

Negative
Around -5 cm H2O at rest in dogs

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17
Q

What is the term for a rupture of the thoracic wall that communicate the exterior with the pleural cavity and may create suction of air toward the pleural cavity? It may also occur by rupture of a lung.

A

Pneumothorax

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18
Q

Does a pneumothorax produce a positive or negative pressure inside the pleural cavity? What does this cause?

A

Positive
Causes lungs to collapse

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19
Q

What is the anatomical (serous) pericardium?

A

Closed sac that envelops most of the heart

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20
Q

What is the visceral pericardium (epicardium)?

A

Serous membrane adhering to the heart

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21
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space in between parietal and visceral pericardium

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22
Q

What is the layer between anatomical pericardium and pericardial cavity?

A

Parietal serous pericardium

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23
Q

The clinical pericardium or pericardial sac layers are fused together. What are these layers?

A

Parietal serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium, and pericardial mediastinal pleura

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24
Q

What ligament connects fibrous pericardium to sternal part of the diaphragm in carnivores?

A

Phrenicopericardial ligament

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25
Is the cardiovascular system an open or closed system?
Closed
26
The cardiovascular system is composed of what?
Heart, blood vascular system, lymphatic system
27
What does systemic circulation mean?
Blood flows from heart to every tissue in body except lungs and back to heart
28
Is the lymphatic circulation an open or closed system?
Open
29
What system is responsible for the immunological defense of the body and drains the extra cellular fluids?
Lymphatic system
30
If the lymphatic system has trouble draining or accumulates too much fluid, what occurs?
Edema
31
What structure filters the lymphatic fluid and produces immune cells (lymphocytes)?
Lymph node
32
Lymph nodes are composed of afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Which serves as the entrance to LN? Exit?
Afferent lymphatic vessels are entrance Efferent lymphatic vessels are exit
33
The epicardium is composed of what?
Mesothelium and thin layer of loose connective tissue
34
The myocardium is composed of what?
Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels
35
The endocardium is composed of what?
Endothelium and connective tissue
36
What two terms are used to describe the conformation of the heart? Describe.
Base (wider top portion) and Apex (narrower bottom portion)
37
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
38
What structures can be seen when viewing the aricular face of the heart?
Right auricle, left auricle, right ventricle, left ventricle
39
The aricular face of the heart is the surface of the heart facing what side of the thorax?
Left
40
What structures can be seen when viewing the atrial face of the heart?
Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
41
The atrial face is the surface of the heart facing what side of the thorax?
Right
42
What groove sits between the atria and ventricles and contains coronary vessels?
Coronary groove
43
What grooves sit between the right and left ventricles at the location of the interventricular septum?
Interventricular grooves (paraconal and subsinuosal grooves)
44
Which interventricular groove can be seen on the aricular face?
Paraconal groove
45
Which interventricular groove can be seen on the atrial face?
Subsinuosal groove
46
What period are the ventricles filling and relaxing?
Diastole
47
What is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries?
Systole
48
Where is the conus arteriosis?
In the right ventricle of the heart, at the upper left angle
49
What chambers of the heart does the conus arteriosus belong to?
Right ventricle
50
The azygous vein is usually related with what vessel?
Cranial vena cava
51
The papillary muscles and chorda tendinea are related with what valve?
Right atrioventricular valve
52
Atrioventricular valves are fibrous structures designed to prevent what?
The reflux of blood from ventricles to the atrium
53
What are the chorda tendinea?
Strings of connective tissue attached to the border of the cuspids and to the papillary muscles in the opposed end
54
All valves and related structures are covered by what?
Endocardium
55
Pulmonary and aortic valves are fibrous structures designed to prevent what?
The reflux of blood from pulmonary trunk and aorta to the ventricles
56
What valves do not have chorda tendinae or papillary muscles?
Pulmonary and aortic valves are fibrous
57
The pulmonary and aortic valves are formed by how many valvulae?
Three
58
Name the layers, from superficial to deep, that a needle must cross to perform an intracardiac injection through the left 5th intercostal space.
Skin, subcutaneous, muscles (may or may not include rectus thoracis m), external intercostal m, internal intercostal m, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, mediastinal pleura (pericardial), fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, epicardium (visceral serous pericardium), myocardium and endocardium
59
What is the difference between clinical and anatomical pericardium?
Anatomical only considers the serous membranes, parietal and visceral pericardium Clinical is the pericardial sac around the heart that includes all the layers of tissue
60
What is the content of the hilus of the right lung?
Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, autonomic nerves, main bronchi
61
Where is the pulmonary ligament of the right lung located?
Attached to the accessory lung lobe on the dorsal process of the lobe, pointing caudally
62
What is the content of the hilus of the left lung?
Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, autonomic nerves, main bronchi
63
Where is the pulmonary ligament of the left lung located?
Attached to the mediastinum and extends from the 8th-12th ribs
64
What is the name of the muscular ridges on the ventricular walls of the heart?
Trabeculae carneae
65
What is trabeculae septomarginalis?
Muscular strand that courses across the lumen of the ventricle
66
What is the purpose of trabeculae septomarginalis?
Conducts purkinje fibers from the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle across the lumen of the ventricle.
67
What are papillary muscles?
Conical muscular projections in the ventricles that give rise to chordae tendinae
68
What sound is associated with systole?
Lub
69
What sound is associated with diastole?
Dub
70
What heart valves can be found on the left side of a dog?
Pulmonary, aortic, and mitral
71
What valve can be found on the right side of a dog?
Tricuspid
72
The pulmonary valve is associated with what intercostal space?
3rd
73
The aortic valve is associated with what intercostal space?
4th
74
The mitral valve is associated with what intercostal space?
5th
75
The tricuspid valve is associated with what intercostal space?
4th
76
What vessels originate from the aorta and branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen rich blood to the entire heart muscle?
Coronary arteries

Anatomy (32 decks)

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