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Anatomy > Equine Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Equine Thoracic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the equine scapula is in the spine and not found in the dog?

A

scapular tuber

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2
Q

What structure of the scapula is found in dogs but not horses?

A

acromion

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3
Q

What is the bone classification of the scapula?

A

flat bone

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4
Q

The dog has one area of facies serrata on scapula, how amny does a horse have?

A

two

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5
Q

What is the bone classification of the humerus?

A

long bone (2 epiphysis and 1 diaphysis)

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6
Q

What thoracic limb bones are fused in the horse, but not in the dog?

A

radius and ulna

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7
Q

Since the radius and ulna are fused, which bone joins with the carpus?

A

only radius

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8
Q

Which equine carpal bones will always be visible?

A

II, III, and IV

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9
Q

Carpal bones I and V cannot always be seen due to their tiny size. Which sides can these bones be found if you are going to see them?

A

medial for carpal bone I
lateral for carpal bone V

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10
Q

Carpal bones of the horse are divided into how many rows?

A

two (proximal and distal)

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11
Q

What is the singular weight bearing digit in the horse?

A

digit III

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12
Q

The distal sesamoid bone is also known as?

A

navicular bone

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13
Q

Which joint is described by the following characteristics:
- simple, spheroid
- flexion and extension movements
- glenohumeral ligaments (capsular)
- thick biceps brachii origin tendion and bursa

A

humeral joint (shoulder)

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14
Q

Which ligaments of the equine humeral joint act like collateral ligaments but are capsular?

A

glenohumeral ligaments

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15
Q

How many carpal joints are there? List them.

A

Four
- antebrachiocarpia (radiocarpal)
- intercarpeae (intercarpal)
- mediocarpea (midcarpal)
- carpometacarpeae (carpometacarpal)

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16
Q

Which carpal joints are hinge?

A
  • antebrachiocarpia (radiocarpal)
  • mediocarpea (midcarpal)
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17
Q

What carpal joints are plane?

A
  • intercarpeae (intercarpal)
  • carpometacarpeae (carpometacarpal)
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18
Q

The sinovial capsule of the _____ joint is independent; the ____ and ____ is shared.

A
  • radiocarpal
  • inter, mediocarpea
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19
Q

How many digit joints are there? List them.

A

Three
- metacarpophalangeal (fetlock)
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal (coffin)

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20
Q

Which digit joint is a compound hinge joint with a small dorsal recess and large palmar recess?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)

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21
Q

What are the palmar recess boundaries of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock)?

A

proximal: ???
dorsal: metacarpal bone III
palmar: interosseous ligament
distal: proximal sesamoid bones

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22
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the equine shoulder?

A
  • trapezius
  • omotransversarius
  • brachiocephalicus
  • serratus ventralis
  • pectoralis
  • rhomboideus
  • subclavius
23
Q

What two extrinsic muscles of the equine shoulder are very attached and can be difficult to differentiate?

A

omotransversarius and brachiocephalicus

24
Q

What is the “thoracic sling”?

A

the extrinsic muscles suspend the trunk between the forelimbs and fix the scapula (this is called synsarcosis)

25
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the equine shoulder?

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • deltoideus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
  • teres major
  • coracobrachialis
26
Q

What is the OIA for supraspinatus m?

A

O: supraspinous fossa
I: greater and lesser tubercles of humerus
A: extend and stabilize the humeral joint

27
Q

What is the OIA for infraspinatus m?

A

O: infraspinous fossa
I: superficial tendon – on the greater tubercle of the humerus (infraspinatus bursa)
I: deep tendon – on the caudal eminence of greater tubercle
A: fixator and abductor of the humeral joint

28
Q

What is the OIA for deltoideus m?

A

O: caudal border of scapula, aponeurosis which covers infraspinatus
I: deltoid tuberosity
A: flexor and abductor of the shoulder

29
Q

What is the OIA for subclavius m?

A

O: cranial part of the sternum closely associated to the supraspinatus m
I: supraspinatus muscle epimysium
A: complement the pectoral muscle

30
Q

What is the OIA for subscapularis m?

A

O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle of humerus
A: stabilize the shoulder and adduction

31
Q

What is the OIA for teres major m?

A

O: caudal angle of the scapula and adjacent caudal border of scapula
I: teres major tuberosity of humerus
A: mainly flexor of the shoulder

32
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the brachium?

A
  • triceps brachii
  • tensor fasciae antebrachii
  • anconeus
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
33
Q

What is the OIA for biceps brachii m?

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle
I: radial tuberosity, extensor carpi radialis via lacertus fibrosus
A: flexor of the elbow and extensor of the shoulder

34
Q

What is located between the tendon of origin of biceps brachii and the intertubercular grooves of the humerus?

A

intertubercular bursa

35
Q

What is the tendinous insertion of biceps brachii on the extensor carpi radialis m and is part of the stay apparatus?

A

lacertus fibrosus

36
Q

What is the OIA for triceps brachii m?

A

O: long head – caudal border of the scapula
O: lateral head – deltoid tuberosity
O: medial head – medial aspect of humerus
I: olecranon tuber
A: extension of the elbow and flexion of the shoulder

37
Q

Why do horses not have a pronator or supinator muscles?

A

Because the radius and ulna are fused

38
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the antebrachium and manus are split into two groups: craniolateral and caudomedial. What are the muscles in the craniolateral group?

A
  • extensor carpi radialis
  • common digital extensor
  • lateral digital extensor
  • extensor carpi ulnaris (ulnarus lateralis)
39
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the antebrachium and manus are split into two groups: craniolateral and caudomedial. What are the muscles in the caudomedial group?

A
  • flexor carpi ulna’s (ulnar and humeral heads)
  • flexor capi radialis
  • superficial digital flexor
  • deep digital flexor
40
Q

What is the OINA for extensor carpi radialis m?

A

O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
I: metacarpal tuberosity
N: radial nerve
A: extend and fix the carpus and flex the elbow joint

41
Q

What is the OINA for common digital extensor m?

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: extensor process of distal phalanx and dorsal surface of proximal and middle phalanges
N: radial nerve
A: extend the carpus and digit and flex the elbow joint

42
Q

What is the OINA for lateral digital extensor m?

A

O: lateral tuberosity of the radius, lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
I: dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx
N: radial nerve
A: extend the carpus and digit

43
Q

What is the OINA for extensor carpi ulnaris (ulnaris lateralis) m?

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: short tendon – accessory carpal bone
I: long tendon – metacarpal bone IV
N: radial nerve
A: flex and abduct the carpus

44
Q

What is the OINA for flexor carpi ulnaris m?

A

O: humeral head – medial epicondyle of the humerus
O: ulnar head – olecranon
I: accessory carpal bone
N: ulnar nerve
A: flex the carpus and extend the elbow joint

45
Q

What is the OINA for flexor carpi radialis m?

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: metacarpal bone II
N: median nerve
A: flex the carpus and extend the elbow joint

46
Q

What is the OINA for superficial digital flexor m?

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus and radius (proximal accessory ligament)
I: flexor surfaces of proximal and middle phalanges
N: ulnar nerve
A: flex the digit (proximal interphalangeal joint) and carpus and extend the elbow joint

47
Q

What is the OINA for deep digital flexor m?

A

O: humeral head – medial epicondyle of the humerus (distal accessory ligament)
O: ulnar head – olecranon
O: radial head – radius
I: flexor surface of the distal phalanx
N: median and ulnar nerves
A: flex the digit and carpus and extend the elbow joint

48
Q

What is the continuation of suspensory ligament distal to sesamoids?

A

distal seamoidean ligaments

49
Q

The suspensory apparatus is broken down into what four anatomical areas?

A
  • proximal
  • mid-body
  • branches
  • extensor branches
50
Q

The suspensory ligament is also known as what?

A

interosseous muscle

51
Q

The following characteristics describe what apparatus/ligament:
- very little muscle fiber in large animals
- connects bone to bone = ligament
- passive: DOES NOT FLEX JOINTS

A

suspensory apparatus / suspensory ligament

52
Q

Can horses sleep standing?

A

NO

53
Q

The following characteristis describe what apparatus:
- group of muscle, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and joints
- allows horses to maintain their standing posture for hours, without energy loss
- joints “blocks” and avoid energy losses

A

equine stay apparatus

Anatomy (32 decks)

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