Endocrine Flashcards
What is endocrinology?
Study of the endocrine organs and the action of its hormones
What are common features of endocrine glands?
- the component organs/glands are not in direct continuity
- hormone synthesis is common function
- extensive blood supply
- absence of secretory ducts
- deliver their secretory products (hormones) into blood, lymph, or tissue fluid
- collaborate with nervous system to maintain homeostasis
- hormone effects are slow compared with nervous system but last longer
What are the five primary endocrine organs?
- Hypophysis (Pituitary gland)
- Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis)
- thyroid glands
- parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
What are the organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions?
- Pancreas (Endocrine tissue)
- Ovary/Testis (Endocrine Tissue)
- Placenta (Endocrine cells)
The placenta combines endocrine functions with the functions of cells in what other organs?
Kidney, Brain, Liver, Thymus, Heart, GI Tract
What is considered the “master gland?”
Hypophysis (Pituitary Gland)
The hypophysis (pituitary gland) occupies a central depression of what?
sella turcica of basisphenoid
(also known as hypophyseal fossa)
The hypophysis (pituitary gland) is formed by what two parts?
- Adenohypophysis
- Neurohypophysis
The adenohypophysis secretes what hormones?
- growth hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- adrenocorticotrophic hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- luteinizing hormone
- prolactine
The neurohypophysis secretes what hormones?
- oxytocin hormone
- vasopressin hormone (antidiuretic hormone)
The hypothalamus and adenohypophysis is connected by what?
Hypophyseal portal vascular (blood) system
The hypothalamus and neurohypophysis are connected by what?
Neural stem
The adenohypophysis is _____ and in a ____ location related with the neurohypophysis.
rostral, ventral
The neurohypophysis is in direct connection with the hypothalamus, which makes it an extension of what?
Encephalon (brain)
The pineal gland is located where?
in the middle of the encephalon (diencephalon), caudo-dorsal to the thalamus
The pineal gland produces what?
Melatonin
What is the purpose of melatonin?
Modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles
The shape of the pineal gland represents what?
pinecone
Thyroid glands produce what?
Thyroxine hormones T3 and T4
The thyroid glands live where?
lateral to the trachea, caudal to the larynx
Thyroid glands occasionally may be connected by what?
An isthmus
Parathyroid glands produce what?
parathyroid hormones
How many parathyroid glands are there in normally?
normally 4, two in each side
Parathyroid glands are usually embedded where in dogs and cats?
thyroid glands
Parathyroid glands are ____ contrasting with the _____ color of thyroid glands.
pale, red-brick
Adrenal glands produce what?
Critical Hormones:
- cortisol
- aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
- AND androgens (not critical hormone)
Cortisol produced by adrenal glands have effects on?
- muscle
- bone
- skin
- immune system
- vascular system
- central nervous system
- liver
- kidneys
Adrenal glands have high importance in what four categories?
- pathology
- medicine
- imagery
- behavior
What is the location of the adrenal gland?
- retroperitoneal
- craniomedially to kidney’s cranial pole
The adrenal gland is composed of what three parts?
- capsule
- cortex
- medulla
What glands release (secrete) substances through openings (ducts) onto your body external surfaces or within cavity surfaces?
Exocrine glands
What are some of the products of exocrine glands?
- sweat
- lacrima (tears)
- saliva
- digestive juices
- milk
Mammary glands produce what?
Colostrum and milk
Each mammary gland is separated by what?
a connective tissue septa
Mammary glands are pretty much what?
subcutaneous, enlarged sweat glands
Dog have normally how many pairs of mammary glands? Cats?
Dogs - five pairs
Cats - four pairs
How many openings does each mammary gland have in dogs? Cats?
Dogs - each gland has 10-12 openings
Cats - 4-8 openings
What is the term for an animal with more than the normal amount of teats?
supernumerary teats mammary glands
What lymph nodes are related to the mammary glands?
- sternal lymph nodes
- axillary and accessory axillary lymph nodes
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Mammary glands develop where?
In the mammary ridges (lines)
Mammary ridges extend from where to where?
axilla to inguinal regions (groin)
Each mammary gland secretes via what?
Teat or papilla
True or false: Each teat of a mammary gland can secrete via one or multiple papillary ducts.
True
