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Biology > General Exam Revision > Flashcards

General Exam Revision Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A
  • The cell is the smallest unit of life
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Prokaryotes

Groups of organisms

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea

Unicellular

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

Groups of organisms

A

Mulitcellular
* plants
* animals
Uni or multicellular
* protista
* fungi

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4
Q

steps of apoptosis

A
  1. Cell
  2. condense
  3. fragment (blebbing)
  4. apoptotic bodies
  5. recycled by other cells
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5
Q

Apoptosis

Intrinsic pathway

A
  1. via internal disruption eg. DNA damage
  2. release of pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria
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6
Q

Apoptosis

Extrinsic pathway

A
  1. death receptors recieve external ligands on cell surface
  2. initiates a cascafde of pro-apoptotic sygnals
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7
Q

Apoptosis

purposes

A
  1. to create structures in a developing foetus
  2. removed infected or cancerous cells
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8
Q

Cancer

caused by

A
  1. mutations to proto-oncogenes
    * they become oncogenes
    * mutated genes cause cell cycle to become unregulated
  2. mutated tumor supressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
    * supress cell cycle progression and prevent apoptosis
    * apoptotic sygnals are nto recieved
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9
Q

Stem cells

properties

A
  1. slef renew
  2. potency (differentiation)
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10
Q

Biethical Approaches

A
  1. consequence based
  2. duty based
  3. virtue based
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11
Q

ethical concepts

A

integrity
justice
non-maleficence
beneficence
respect

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12
Q

consequence based

bioethical approach

A

focus on outcome not process
weigh up positives and negatives
aim is to increase positive, decrease negatives

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13
Q

duty based

bioethical approach

A

do what is right by the rules, regardless of the eventual outcome

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14
Q

virtue based

bioethical approach

A

looks at what a “good person” would do, takes into account the different effects of actions on different people

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15
Q

integrity

ethical concept

A

a commitment to searching for knowledge and the honest reporting of all findings that are accesible to all members of the community

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16
Q

justice

ethical concept

A

a moral obligation to make the medecation or service available to everyone

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17
Q

non-maleficence

ethical concept

A

the obligation to never intentionally inflict harm

18
Q

beneficence

ethical concept

A

the commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks/potential for harm

19
Q

respect

ethical concept

A

ensuring all patients are fully informed about the procedure and have given consent

20
Q

what are the stages in the cell cycle

cell cycle

A

interphase
M phase
G0

21
Q

interphase

Cell cycle

A

G1 (growth, protein synthesis for DNA replication)
S (replication of DNA)
G2 (growth and more preperation for division, organelles are duplicated)

22
Q

M phase

Cell cycle

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

23
Q

Genome

definition

A

the entire set of DNA instructions found in a call

EG. the human genome is 23 pairs of chromosomes

24
Q

name of the structures inside chloroplasts

A

granum

25
Q

when are line and scatter plots used

(graphs)

A

when the data is continuous

(shows change over time)

26
Q

Ramdom error characteristics

A
  • cannot be avoided
  • effect the precision of a measurement
  • shown by variations in distance between data points across trials
  • unexpected and unpredictable differences in data
27
Q

systematic error characteristics

A
  • consistent errors in measurement
  • you can predict the error because it occurs by the same amount every time
  • consistent errors in data
28
Q

personal error characteristics

A
  • not measured arrors but are the faults of the person carrying out the experiment
  • ## EG. accidentally using the wrong acid concerntration
29
Q

When is a line graph prefered

A
  • showing trends anc changes
  • making predictions
30
Q

when is a scatter plot prefered

A
  • to show the relationship between two variables
31
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around 8 histones

32
Q

G1 checkpoint

A
  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • DNA damage
  • growth factors
33
Q

G2 checkpoint

A
  • cell size
  • DNA replication
34
Q

M checkpoint (metaphase)

A

spindle attachment to chromosomes

35
Q

non-disjunction

A

the failure of chromosomes to seperate which causes abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells

36
Q

potency of blastocyst

A

pluripotent

37
Q

morula

A

stage before blastocyst
totipotent

38
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous system and skin

39
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle
skeleton
reproductive system

40
Q

endoderm

A

lungs
digestive tract

Biology (11 decks)

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