Gene expression

Question 1

What is the difference between transcription regulator and transcription factor

Answer 1

regulator is any molecule that influences transcription of a gene whereas factor is a protein that influences transcription of a gene

Question 2

Describe bacterial operons

Answer 2

Question 3

Describe the Trp operon

Answer 3

Question 4

Describe the Lac operon

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the four levels of gene expression in eukaryotes

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the types of transcriptional control

Answer 6

Question 7

What is differential transcription

Answer 7

Question 8

Describe transcription regulators

transcriptional control

Answer 8

Question 9

Describe transcription activator enhancers

transcriptional control

Answer 9

Question 10

Described the chromatic remodeling complex

transcriptional control

Answer 10

 Changes in nucleosomes allow
access to DNA!
 Chromatin Remodeling
Complexes
▫ Large, multi-protein complexes
▫ Change position of nucleosome
 DNA more accessible
 DNA less accessible
▫ ATP-dependent

• Mobilize/restructure nucleosomes
• Thought to disrupt histone-DNA
  interactions

Question 11

Describe histone-modifying enzymes

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe transcriptional activation from paused polymerases

Transcriptional control

Answer 12

Question 13

Describe transcriptional repression by deacetylation

trancriptional control

Answer 13

Question 14

Describe transcriptional repressiong by DNA methylation

transcriptional control

Answer 14

Question 15

Describe transcriptional repression by long noncoding RNAs (IncRNAs)

transcriptional control

Answer 15

Question 16

What is RNA splicing

Processing control

Answer 16

-Increases protein diversity of a single gene
-Special sequences in intron act as cues for splicing machinery

Question 17

What is alternative splicing

Processing control

Answer 17

Question 18

Describe the mechanical process of splicing

processing control

Answer 18

Question 19

What is found in the nuclear envelope

Answer 19

-Chromatin
-Nucleoli
-Nucleoplasm
-Nuclear matrix

Question 20

Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

Answer 20

Question 21

Explain the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking

processing control

Answer 21

Question 22

Explain the initiation of translation and how it works with ferritin

Translational control

Answer 22

Question 23

Describe cytoplasmic localization of mRNAs

translational control

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe mRNA stability

translational control

Answer 24

Question 25

What are miRNAs and their function

Answer 25

Question 26

What are siRNAs and RNA silencing pathways

Answer 26

Question 27

What are long noncoding RNAs

Answer 27

>200 nucleotides in length >5000 types in mouse, human genomes Role is largely uncertain -Xist: X inactivation

Question 28

Describe protein stability in posttranslation control

Answer 28