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Pediatric EOR > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of GERD

A
  • transient relaxation of Lower esophageal sphincter -> gastric acid reflux -> esophageal mucosal injury
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2
Q

In Barrett’s esophagus: what is occurring to the cells in the esophagus

A
  • squamous -> columnar
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3
Q

Nonbilious vomiting/regurgitation projectile emesis after feeding is consistent with what condition

A
  • pyloric stenosis
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4
Q

How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed

A
  • US: showed thickening of pylorus
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5
Q

95% of cases of pyloric stenosis present in what age group

A
  • 3-12 weeks of life
  • will feel “olive-shaped” nontender mobile hard pylorus
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6
Q

What is Gilbert’s syndrome

A
  • hereditary condition with reduced activity of UGT enzyme
  • see an increase in indirect bilirubin
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7
Q

Jaundice presents when biliruben levels reach what level

A
  • > 2.5 mg/dL
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8
Q

Why does hemolytic anemia result in jaundice

A
  • massive RBC lysis -> an increase in indirect biliruben -> overwhelms liver’s ability to conjugate it
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9
Q

An increase in what enzymes signals biliary obstruction or intrahepatic cholestasis

A
  • ALP and GGT
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10
Q

Dark urine seen in jaundice is due to an increase in

A
  • direct biliruben
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11
Q

Acholic stools in suggests what

A
  • biliary obstruction
  • obstruction prevents bile from getting into the intestine to be excreted causing the normal dark color of stool
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12
Q

Transmission of Hepatitis A and E

A
  1. fecal-oral
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13
Q

Which hepatitis can become chronic

A
  • HCV and HBV
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14
Q

What is intussusception

A
  • intestinal segment invaginates “telescopes” into adjoining intestinal lumen -> bowel obstruction
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15
Q

What is the classic triad of intussusception

A
  1. vomiting
  2. abdominal pain
  3. passage of “current jelly stools” per rectum
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16
Q

How is intussusception diagnosed

A
  • Barium contrast enema (often diagnostic and therapeutic)
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17
Q

How is lactose intolerance diagnosed

A
  • hydrogen breath test
  • hydrogen is produced by undirected lactose being fermented by colonic bacteria
18
Q

Rovsing sign

A
  • RLQ pain with LLQ palpation
19
Q

McBurney’s point tenderness

A
  • point 1/3 distance from anterior superior iliac spine and navel
20
Q

Where do direct hernias protrude into ? Name the borders

A
  • Hesselbach’s triangle
  • Rectus abdominus, inferior epigastric vessels, and Inguinal ligament
21
Q

Infants may be born with an umbilical hernia. Management?

A
  • usually resolves by 2 yr of age
  • may need to be repaired if still present in children > 5 y.o.
22
Q

Most common cause of Vitamin C deficiency

A
  • diet lacking in raw citrus and green vegetables
23
Q

Scurvy is a disease that results from deficiency in

A

vit C

24
Q

What is Rickets? What is it caused by?

A
  • softening of the bones leading to bowed legs
  • Vit D deficiency in children
25
Q

What is Osteomalacia? What is it caused by?

A
  • vit D deficiency in adults
  • leads to muscle weakness and fractures
26
Q

Most common effect of Vit A deficiency

A
  • visual changes: especially night blindness
  • squamous metaplasia
27
Q

What is Pellagra? What is it caused by?

A
  • “3 D’s” Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis
  • Niacin/Nicotinic acid (B3) deficiency
28
Q

What is colic

A
  • behavioral syndrome in neonate and infants characterized by excessive crying.
29
Q

What is Hirschsprung disease

A
  • absence of ganglia in distal colon resulting in functional obstruction
  • should be considered in any newborn that fails to pass meconium within 24-48 hours of birth
30
Q

How is Hirschsprung disease diagnosed

A
  • full-thickness rectal biopsy
31
Q

What is encopresis

A
  • Fecal incontinence
  • in most cases, it is the consequence of chronic constipation
32
Q

What is duodenal atresia

A
  • Congenital absense of or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum.
  • Causes intestinal obstruction in newborn
33
Q

TX of pyloric stenosis

A
  • Pyloromyotomy
34
Q

Duodenal atresia is most often associated with what genetic condition

A
  • Trisomy 21
35
Q

Newborn does not pass meconium. “Double bubble” sign on radiography is common in what condition

A
  • duodenal atresia
  • due to gas and dilation in both stomach and duodenum
36
Q

What is functional constipation

A
  • voluntary withholding of stool
37
Q

Tx of encopresis

A

Relieve impaction with polyethylene glycol

38
Q

What is pathological jaundice

A
  • clinical jaundice (>3 mg/dL) less than 24 hours after birth or occurring after 14 days of life.
39
Q

Biliruben > 20 mg/dL leads to what condition in newborns

A
  • kernicterus: CNS damage
40
Q

When does neonatal physiological jaundice present? What is it caused by?

A
  • 2 days - 2 weeks
  • liver immaturity
41
Q

Treatment of neonatal jaundice

A
  • phototherapy

Pediatric EOR (11 decks)

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