Gastroenterology and Hepatology Flashcards
Where is the most common site of ulcers in H.pylori infection?
Lesser curvature of the stomach
What syndrome is duodenal atresia highly associated with?
Down syndrome
Which condition typically causes the “double bubble” sign on AXR?
Duodenal atresia
Where is leptin produced?
Adipocytes
What is produced by pancreatic acinar cells?
Amylase
What conditions is coeliac associated with?
IgA deficiency
Dermatitis herpetiformis
AI disorders
Small bowel malignancy
Which RNA virus can sometimes lead to pancreatitis?
Mumps
What is produced by pancreatic alpha cells?
Glucagon
What is a type A TOF?
Oesophageal atresia with no communication with the trachea
What is produced by pancreatic beta cells?
Insulin
What is the treatment of lymphangiectasia?
Low-fat, high-protein diet with medium chain triglycerides
What is produced by pancreatic delta cells?
Somatostatin
What is lymphangiectasia?
Protein-losing enteropathy
What is the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide with regards to stomach acid secretion?
Acts to decrease acid production
What is the role of secretin with regards to stomach acid secretion?
S-cells in duodenum detect excess acid and release secretin to reduce stomach acid
How is lymphangiectasia diagnosed?
Increased stool alpha-1-antitrypsin levels
What layers of the bowel are affected in UC?
Mucosal
What is the role of acetylcholine with regards to stomach acid secretion?
Stimulates antral G-cells and partial cells to inhibit somatostatin release.
What layers of the bowel are affected in Crohns?
All layers (transmural)
What is the role of somatostatin with regards to stomach acid secretion?
D-cells release somatostatin in response to increased acidity - this inhibits gastrin release and decreases acid production
What is the role of cholecystokinin with regards to stomach acid secretion?
When partially digested food enters duodenum, entero-endocrine cells release cholecystokinin to reduce acid production in the stomach
What is an H-type TOF?
Continuous oesophagus with an anastomosis with the trachea
What is a type C TOF?
Oesophageal atresia with distal TOF
What is a type B TOF?
Oesophageal atresia with proximal TOF
What is Rovsing’s sign?
Increased pain in RLQ on palpation of LLQ in appendicitis
What is a type D TOF?
Oesophageal atresia with proximal and distal TOF
Which cells most directly protect the gastric mucosa from autodigestion and how?
Mucus neck cells - produce bicarbonate and mucus to form a protective barrier
What is McBurney’s sign?
Site of maximal tenderness in appendicitis - typically 2/3 of the way along a line drawn from umbilicus to right anterior superior iliac spine
What is the Psoas sign?
Pain in RLQ on passive extension of right thigh with the patient in the left lateral position - common in retrocaecal or retrocolic appendicitis
What is the Obturator sign?
Pain in RLQ as a result of passive internal rotation of flexed right thigh in appendicitis
What is Dunphy’s sign?
RLQ on coughing in appendicitis
What is the differentiating factor between a gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Presence of a lipopolysaccharide layer - present in gram negative but not positive
What type of virus is rotavirus?
Non-enveloped dsDNA
How many serological groups of rotavirus are there?
Seven (A-G) - type A most common