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1MRCPCH FOP and TAS > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

How is pulmonary stenosis murmur usually characterised?

A

Ejection systolic murmur heard loudest at ULSE
Click after first heart sound

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2
Q

What heart issues are usually associated with Noonan’s syndrome?

A

Pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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2
Q

What could small voltages in all ecg leads indicate?

A

Pericardial effusion
Myxoedema

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3
Q

What cardiac condition is associated with William’s syndrome?

A

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

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3
Q

What is the most common CHD associated with Down’s syndrome?

A

AVSD

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4
Q

What cardiac condition is seen in those with Turner syndrome?

A

CoA and bicuspid aortic valve

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5
Q

What cardiac defect is found in 90% of children with Alagille syndrome?

A

Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis

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5
Q

What is the typical murmur associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Ejection systolic murmur at ULSE that radiates to the back

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of development of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Displacement of the outflow tract septum which reduced calibre of pulmonary artery and enlarges the aorta

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6
Q

How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually inherited?

A

AD fashion

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6
Q

Which gene is associated with prolonged QT syndrome?

A

KCNQ1 gene

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6
Q

What are the 4 features of tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Over-riding aorta
VSD
RV Hypertrophy

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7
Q

Which mutation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most associated with sudden death and mild hypertrophy?

A

Troponin T mutations

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8
Q

What type of mutation is the most common cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Mutations on the beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain

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9
Q

What are the differentials for a baby with collapse at 2 days of age and no cyanosis?

A

Obstructed left heart
- Coarctation
- HPLHS
- Critical AS
Sepsis

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9
Q

Give examples of causes of QT-prolongation?

A

Hypothermia
Hypocalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Head injury
Domperidone
Erythromycin

10
Q

What are the typical ecg appearances in severe LV cardiomyopathy?

A

Inverted T-waves especially in lateral leads e.g. V6

11
Q

What would an ECG show in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Signs of RVH with an upright T wave in V1, R axis deviation, dominant S wave in V5 and V6

12
Q

In WPW syndrome, what is the accessory pathway called?

A

Bundle of Kent

13
Q

What occurs in Phase 4 of the cardiac action potential cycle?

A

Diastole
Sodium-calcium efflux and potassium influx

13
Q

In WPW syndrome, what is happening within the heart that causes the delta wave to show on the ecg?

A

Early depolarisation of cells in accessory pathway during the refractory period between AVN and bundle of His.

14
Q

What does the murmur in ASD sound like?

A

Systolic murmur over pulmonary area (ULSE) typically associated with wide, fixed split S2.

15
Q

Which virus can cause dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Enterovirus

15
Q

What is Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome?

A

Rare condition which is a pre-excitation syndrome.
Presents with a short PR interval, palpitations and no delta wave.
AVN fails to act as a “gatekeeper” meaning signals pass rapidly through.

15
Q

What CHD can right sided aortic arch sometimes be associated with?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

15
Q

Which cardiac condition is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

15
Q

What occurs in Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential cycle?

A

Plateau phase
Slow influx of calcium

16
Q

What occurs in Phase 1 of the cardiac action potential cycle?

A

End of depolarisation
Efflux of potassium

16
Q

What is the main cardiac defect in Holt-Oram syndrome?

A

ASD

16
Q

What occurs in Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential cycle?

A

Depolarisation
Rapid sodium influx

17
Q

What occurs in Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential cycle?

A

Rapid repolarisation
Efflux of potassium

17
Q

What are the ECG changes of viral myocarditis?

A

ST segment changes and T-wave inversion most common
Can also show elevated QRS amplitude and prolonged QRS and QT

18
Q

What is the initial adenosine dosage for SVT?

A

0.1mg/kg

19
Q

What conditions are associated with pulmonary hypertension?

A

CLD
Large VSD
PDA
AVSD
Cardiomyopathy
ToGA

20
Q

What condition can cause prolonged QT interval along with congenital sensorineural deafness?

A

Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome

21
Q

What is the initial bolus dose of adenosine for a child <1year with SVT unresponsive to vagal manouvres?

A

150mcg/kg

22
Q

What cardiac defects are associated with rubella infection?

A

PDA with branch pulmonary artery stenosis

23
Q

What happens to flow across ductus arteriosus a few minutes following birth?

A

Reversal of flow from R>L to L>R - also closure of foramen ovale

24
Q
A

1MRCPCH FOP and TAS (23 decks)

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