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Anatomy > G5_Spinal_Cord_Somatic_NS_EXAM1 > Flashcards

G5_Spinal_Cord_Somatic_NS_EXAM1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuronal cell bodies organized into nuclei or columns

A

Gray matter

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2
Q

Axons organized into tracts

A

White Matter

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of GANGLIA in the PNS?

A
  • Cranial nerve ganglia (afferent)
  • Posterior root ganglia (afferent)
  • Autonomic ganglia (efferent)
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4
Q

What are the 2 Types of Peripheral Nerves?

A 
Cranial Nerves (12 Pair)
Spinal Nerves (31 Pair)
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5
Q

What are the two somatic sensory receptors of the nervous system?

A
  1. Exteroceptors (mechano,thermo,noci)

2. Propioceptors (muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs)

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6
Q

Sensory Receptors of NS:

What two Categories? what types in each?

A
  1. Somatic (Exteroceptors & Propioceptors)
    - Exteroceptors-Mechano, Thermo, Nociceptors
    - Proprioceptors- muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs
  2. Visceral (Interoceptors)
    - Chemo, Baro, Mechano, Nociceptors
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7
Q

Somatic Pain vs Visceral Pain

A

Somatic pain- Very acute/Well known/

Visceral pain- broad/not well identified/generalized internal

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8
Q

What is a MOTOR UNIT?

A

BOTH: LMN + MUSCLE

  • LMN (neuron directly innervates skeletal muscle)
  • Muscle fiber it innervates
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9
Q

Effector Organs

A

Somatic- Skeletal muscle

Visceral- Cardiac/Smooth/Glandular epithelium

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10
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end? What is that called?

Where does it end in Fetus? Neonate?

A

STARTS: Foramen Magnum (medulla)

ENDS: L1/L2 IVD in ADULTS at CONUS MEDULLARIS

Fetus: Sacrum
Neonate: L3/L4

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11
Q

What 2 places do the spinal cord change size? why? What called?

A

Enlarges due to extremities:

  1. Cervical enlargement (brachial plexus)
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement (lumbar/sacral plexus)
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12
Q

What is the anterior/posterior parts of the spinal cord called?

A

Anterior median fissure (Wider groove)

Posterior median sulcus (thin crack)

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13
Q

anterior vs posterior Rootlets/roots

A

Anterior rootlets/roots: MOTOR ONLY

Posterior rootlets/roots: SENSORY ONLY

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14
Q

Describe the formation of Spinal Nerves. Describe the Anterior ramus vs Posterior ramus.

A
  1. Anterior roots merge with posterior roots to form a mixed spinal nerve (short/motor & sensory)
  2. MSN branches to Anterior & Posterior Ramus

Ant Ramus- LARGE- (Efferent hypaxial- afferent: skin)
Post Ramus- SMALL- (Efferent Epaxial- afferent: skin)

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15
Q

What innervates Efferent Hypaxial muscles of the body wall and limb? What is Afferent function?

What innervates Efferent Epaxial deep back muscles?
What is its Afferent innervation?

A

Anterior Ramus- Hypaxial- wall/limbs- Large

 - Motor Efferent- muscles wall/limb
 - Sensory Afferent- skin over limbs/wall

Posterior Ramus- Epaxial- Deep back muscles

 - motor- deep back muscles
  - sensory- skin over middle of back
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16
Q

What happens to the relative locations of spinal nerves and the corresponding roots on the spinal cord where the spinal nerves are derived from?

A

Spinal cord segment and spinal nerve location gets further away from each other as you move inferiorly because the spinal cord ends at L1/L2 IVD, but spinal nerves continue down to the sacral level

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17
Q

How many CERVICAL spinal nerves are there? Why? What is significant about C1 spinal nerve?

A

8 cervical spinal nerves b/c of the space between the skull and C1.

C1 spinal nerve lacks Afferent component and its posterior roots are absent in 50% of individuals.

18
Q

How many THORACIC spinal nerves? What do thoracic spinal nerves form?

What special about the last thoracic spinal nerve?

A

T1 to T12 (start between rib 1 and 2)

-Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves form intercostal nerves

T12- “Subcostal nerve” - Under last 12th rib

19
Q

How many spinal nerves in lumbar, sacral, and coccyx?

Which pass through the sacral hiatus?

A

Lumbar L1-L5
Sacral S1-S5
Coccygeal Co1

S5 and Co1 pass through SACRAL HIATUS

20
Q

What does the Cauda equina consist of?

A

Anterior and posterior roots arising from conus medullaris and coursing within the lumbar cistern (filled w/ CSF)

21
Q

Dermatome Vs Myotome

A

Dermatome: Area of skin innervated by all the sensory nerve fibers of a single spinal nerve

Myotome- Muscles innervated by all the motor nerve fibers of a single spinal nerve

22
Q

What dermatome located at the Nipple and Umbilicus?

Caution: What is the generalization?

A

T4 Dermatome at the Nipples
T10 Dermatome at the Umbilicus

Dermatome maps are idealized b/c of OVERLAP of adjacent dermatomes

23
Q

What offers reliable locations to test sensory abnormalities of spinal nerve/root lesions?

A

“Autonomous Sensory Zones”

24
Q

What do most spinal nerves do/go? What spinal nerves are the exception? what are these types of spinal nerves called?

A

Most spinal nerves merge with adjacent spinal nerves to form a PLEXUS

  • Except for thoracic (intercostal) spinal nerves
25
Q

What is a lesion to a spinal nerve/root called?

What is a lesion to a peripheral nerve called?

A

Spinal root/nerve lesion- RADICULOPATHY

Peripheral nerve lesion- NEUROPATHY

26
Q

What is one of the most common radiculopathies? What it caused by? What is the general rule about its compression?

A

Herniated disc
-causes shooting pains down course of nerve
- usually compresses the nerve root that is inferior to the actual herniation
Ie- L4/L5 IVD will compress the L5 nerve root

27
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the spinal cord and nerve roots. What reinforcement does it have?

A

1 Anterior, 2 Posterior spinal arteries

-reinforced by anastomoses w/ cervical, intercostal, & sacral arteries

28
Q

Where does the Anterior spinal artery run?

Where does the two Posterior spinal arteries run?

A

Anterior Artery- runs within the Anterior median fissure of the spinal cord

Posterior Spinal artery- Near origin of posterior rootlets

29
Q

What arteries anastomose with anterior and posterior arteries of the spinal cord?
Where do they originate? Where do they enter?

A

Segmental medullary arteries
- multiple origins (vertebral, posterior, intercostal, lumbar etc).

-enter through intervertebral foramen

30
Q

What arteries supply spinal nerve roots and rootlets?

A

Radicular arteries

  • do not anastomose with ant/post spinal arteries
  • origin similar to segmental medullary arteries
  • supply nerve roots and rootlets
31
Q

What is the difference between Radicular arteries and Segmental medullary arteries?

A

Radicular arteries supply nerve roots/rootlets but DONT anastomose w/ ant/post spinal arteries

Segmental medullary arteries anastomose with ant/post arteries

32
Q

Describe the venous drainage of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. How many? Where? What drained by? Communication? Concern?

A

Anterior and Posterior Spinal Veins

  • 3 on each side
  • parallel spinal arteries in subarachnoid space
  • drained by segmental medullary and radicular veins
  • communicate w/ internal/external vertebral venous plexuses (Route concern for metastasis)
33
Q

What type of CT makes up pia mater?What does Pia cover?How does it stabilize the spinal cord?What lines the dural sac?

A

-Loose Areolar CT-spinal blood vessels & spinal nerve roots & Spinal cord-forms Denticulate ligaments attaching to dural sac-arachnoid lined dural sac

34
Q

What is the FILUM TERMINALE?What is it called when inside the dural sac?Function?

A

Thin strand of PIA MATER-extends from tip of conus medullaris (L1/L2)-Penetrates dural sac @S2 attaches to coccyx-filum terminale internum (WHITE-inside dura)-Anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord

35
Q

What are the two parts of Arachnoid mater?Where at? whats inside space?

A
  1. Arachnoid barrier cells- membrane by dura2. Arachnoid trabeculae- web of CT attach to piabetween pia and duraCSF
36
Q

What type of CT makes up the dura mater? What does it cover?What range/continuous with?

A

DiRCT-extends to proximal part of spinal nerve before blending with their epineurium- continuous w/ cranial dura-Ranges from Foramen Magnum to end of dural sac @ S2

37
Q

Where does the dural sac end?

A

S2

38
Q

What happens to the filum terminale when it penetrates the dural sac?What is it called when outside the dural sac?Where does it attach? What does it stabilize?

A

-Filum Terminale Externum-exits dural sac at S2-gains a layer of arachnoid and dura mater-attaches to coccyx to anchor spinal cord and meninges

39
Q

What is the LUMBAR CISTERN?What is a myelogram?

A

L1/L2 IVD (end of spinal cord) to S2 (end of dural sac)- safe area to draw CSF “Spinal Tap”-can inject anesthesia into subarachnoid space-contrast injected to subarachnoid space (old procedure)

40
Q

Where is the EPIDURAL SPACE? What is it and why? What can be done here?

A

Inferior to L1/L2 IVD-Potential space between spinal dura and Periosteum/ligaments of the vertebral canal-potential space b/c no fluid in there (filled w/ fat/vertebral venous plexuses, spinal nerve roots)-bathe spinal nerve roots in anesthesia-SAFE b/c only cauda equina exists at this level

41
Q

What landmark used for epidural and lumbar puncture? what vertebral level does it identify ?WHERE is Safe puncture areas?WHERE IS CRITICAL TO BE BELOW?

A

Iliac crests= SPINOUS PROCESS OF L4Safe to insert between L3/L4 or L4/L5-CRITICAL TO BE BELOW L1/L2 IVD (Conus medullaris- end of spinal cord)

42
Q

What layers do you penetrate for Lumbar puncture? What layers for Epidural injection?Pop= “release of resistance”

A

LP- Penetrates Dura Mater-Skin/Fat/Thoracolumbar fascia/Muscle/Ligamentum Flavum “POP”/ Dura Mater “POP”- in lumbar cisternEpidural- outside Dura Mater-Skin/Fat/Thoracolumbar fascia/Muscle/Ligamentum Flavum

Anatomy (24 decks)

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