FYI

Question 1

If a highly SENSITIVE test or clinical finding is NEGATIVE, the disease can be more reliably ruled in or out?

Answer 1

ruled out
(SN-OUT) SeNsitive Negative- rules OUT
(SP-IN) SPecific Positive- rules IN

Question 2

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (Sildenafil) are vasodilators used for erectile dysfunction and _______.

Answer 2

pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 3

A high plasma aldosterone/renin ratio >20:1 is seen in patients with primary _____.

Answer 3

hyperaldosteronism

Question 4

Increased 24-hour urinary free cortisol excretion is observed in _____.

Answer 4

Cushing syndrome

Question 5

Excessive alcohol intake (ie, >2 drinks/day) and binge drinking (ie, ≥5 drinks in a single sitting) are associated with increased incidence of HTN and failure to respond to appropriate ____.

Answer 5

antihypertensive therapy

Question 6

____ is used as mineralocorticoid replacement for primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), which typically presents with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.

Answer 6

Fludrocortisone

Question 7

Causes of AGMA (anion gap metabolic acidosis):

Answer 7

MUDPILES- CA

Methanol, uremia, diabetic ( alcoholic, starvation) ketoacidosis, paracetamol/ acetaminophen, iron, isoniazid, lactic acidosis, ethanol, ethylene glycol, salicylates/ aspirin

Carbon monoxide, cyanide
Aminoglycosides

Question 8

Causes of NAGMA (non-anion Gap metabolic acidosis):

Answer 8

CKD ( impaired renal ammonia excretion)
Bicarb losses (ileostomy output, secretory diarrhea, pancreatic-duodenal fistula)
Acetazolamide
RTA
TPN
IVF (normal saline) excessive resuscitation