Fungal Infections

Question 1

The etiologic agent for Blastomycosis in dogs and cats:

Answer 1

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 2

Type of soil that enriches the growth of Blastomyces dermatitidis

Answer 2

Wet, sandy, acidic soils rich in organic matter

Question 3

Blastomyces dermatitidis is typically found in which areas?

Answer 3

Valleys
Near water

Question 4

Incubation period of Blastomyces dermatitidis:

Answer 4

5 to 12 weeks

Question 5

Mechanism for Blastomyces infection in cats or dogs:

Answer 5

Inhalation of fungal spores

Question 6

Blastomycosis has the highest tissue affinity for:

Answer 6

Respiratory tract

Question 7

The most common sign seen in blastomyces infection:

Answer 7

Pulmonary disease

Question 8

Tissues affected by Blastomyces dermatitidis

Answer 8

Eyes
Bones
Skin
Lymph nodes
Subcutaneous tissues
Brain
Testes

Question 9

Age of dogs typically affected by Blastomyces:

Answer 9

1-5 years of age

Question 10

This disease has been reported in animals that live within 0.25 mile of water.

Answer 10

Blastomyces infection

Question 11

Breeds with highest risk of infection with Blastomycosis

Answer 11

Hounds
Pointers

Question 12

Blastomycosis diagnosis may cross-react with:

Answer 12

Histoplasma

Question 13

What disease is identified by thick-walled yeasts with broad-based budding in tissue samples?

Answer 13

Blastomycosis

Question 14

Which diagnostic test for Blastomyces infection offers the highest sensitivity: antibody immunoassay (rBAD-1) or urine antigen immunoassay (galactomannan)?

Answer 14

urine antigen immunoassay (galactomannan)

Question 15

Recurrence of blastomycosis is approximately?

Answer 15

1 in 5 dogs

Question 16

The treatment of choice for dogs and cats with blastomycosis:

Answer 16

Itraconazole (5 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 17

Minimum treatment of Itraconazole for blastomycosis in dogs:

Answer 17

3 months

Question 18

Other azoles for treatment of blastomycosis but not as effective as itraconazole:

Answer 18

fluconazole
ketoconazole

Question 19

In fulminating cases of blastomycosis, and with evidence of hypoxemia, combination treatment with which drug and itraconazole is recommended.

Answer 19

amphotericin B

Question 20

In blastomycosis infection, significantly affected eyes may require?

Answer 20

enucleation

Question 21

Blastomycosis infected patients may not appear to improve how many weeks after the start of treatment?

Answer 21

1-2 weeks

Question 22

Blastomycosis infected dogs prognosis might improve if they survive how many days of therapy?

Answer 22

7-10 days

Question 23

After discontinuing therapy, Blastomycosis infected animals may be rechecked at _____ months for evidence of relapse.

Answer 23

1, 3, and 6

Question 24

Relapse rate for itraconazole treated blastomycosis:

Answer 24

18%

Question 25

Relapse rate for fluconazole treated blastomycosis:

Answer 25

22%

Question 26

Name the organism which cause fungal infection in cats and dogs found in high concentrations in bat feces and grows readily in bird feces.

Answer 26

Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum

Question 27

Clinical findings of Histoplasmosis common in dogs

Answer 27

hepatomegaly, ascites, and diarrhea

Question 28

The treatment of choice for disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs and cats:

Answer 28

Itraconazole (10 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 29

Which drug is effective in early or mild cases of histoplasmosis in dogs?

Answer 29

Ketoconazole, 10–15 mg/kg, every 12 hours, for 4–6 months

Question 30

Recommended duration for treatment of Histoplasmosis:

Answer 30

6 - >12 months

Question 31

Etiologic agent for Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats

Answer 31

Coccidioides immitis C. posadasii

Question 32

Most commonly used drug for Coccidioidomycosis

Answer 32

Fluconazole (5–10 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 33

Commonly drug used to treat dogs with coccidioidomycosis but may be more expensive and have a higher incidence of adverse effects.

Answer 33

Itraconazole (10 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 34

Better drug in treating coccidioidomycosis infected patients with bone involvement

Answer 34

Itraconazole (10 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 35

Recommended duration of treatment for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 35

6-12 months

Question 36

Coccidioidomycosis infected patients that do not improve or are unable to tolerate the azole antifungals are given this medication. However, they are nephrotoxic.

Answer 36

Amphotericin B

Question 37

Causative agent of Cryptococcosis in dogs and cats:

Answer 37

Cryptococcus neoformans C gattii

Question 38

Cryptococcus neoformans are typically found in:

Answer 38

Soil and bird (especially pigeon) feces

Question 39

Clinical findings of Cryptococcus infection in dogs:

Answer 39

CNS (meningoencephalitis, optic neuritis) Ocular involvement (granulomatous chorioretinitis)

Question 40

Incubation period of Cryptococcus fungi

Answer 40

2–13 months

Question 41

Lesions of this diseases vary from a gelatinous mass consisting of numerous organisms with minimal inflammation to granuloma formation

Answer 41

Cryptococcosis

Question 42

Upon diagnosis, the yeast are ovoid structures with narrow based building

Answer 42

Cryptococcus spp

Question 43

The most rapid method of diagnosis of cryptococcosis:

Answer 43

Cytologic evaluation of nasal exudate, skin exudate, CSF, etc

Question 44

In diagnosis using gram staining, the culture the crystal violet, whereas the capsule stains lightly red with safranin. Identify the organism described.

Answer 44

Cryptococcus spp

Question 45

In treatment for Cryptococcus spp infection in dogs, which medication is added when the patient is already suffering from disseminated disease?

Answer 45

Amphotericin B

Question 46

Treatment of choice for Cryptococcus spp infection in dogs:

Answer 46

Fluconazole (10 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours) Itraconazole (5–10 mg/kg every 24 hours)

Question 47

In treatment of Cryptococcus spp infection in dogs, identify the drug that should not be used due to toxic epidermal necrolysis:

Answer 47

Flucytosine

Question 48

A necessary procedure for the first few days to weeks of treatment in patients with CNS cryptococcosis

Answer 48

Short-acting glucocorticoid

Question 49

Considered in dogs with draining cutaneous nodules and clinical signs of respiratory disease.

Answer 49

Blastomycosis

Question 50

Gross lesions may include miliary nodules within the lungs, lymphadenopathy, ascites, and/or thickened and hemorrhagic intestines.

Answer 50

Histoplasmosis

Question 51

Histologic lesions are generally granulomatous inflammation with intralesional yeasts in affected tissues.

Answer 51

Histoplasmosis