Canine Herpesvirus Flashcards
1
Q
Species susceptible to CHV
A
Canids (dogs, wolves, coyotes)
2
Q
T/F. CHV is stable in the environment.
A
False. It is unstable in the environment, but it is maintained in nature by persistence in its canine host and direct spread from infected animals.
3
Q
The temperature for optimal replication of CHV:
A
less than 37° C
4
Q
In which tissues CHV persist?
A
ganglionic and lymphoid tissues of the oronasal and genital mucosae
5
Q
Transmission of CHV occurs through:
A
Direct contact with mucosal secretions from the respiratory or genital tracts of infected animals
6
Q
CHV replication in older dogs is restricted to the:
A
- nasopharynx
- genital tract
- tonsils
- retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- bronchial lymph nodes
- conjunctival tissues,
- occasionally lungs
7
Q
The CHV can be harbored in the lymphoid tissues such as:
A
- tonsils
- parotid salivary gland
- sensory ganglia
8
Q
T/F. Neonatal infection of CHV only occurs or acquired at or soon after birth through birth passage.
A
False. Transplacental transmission can also occur.
9
Q
After oronasal exposure, where is CHV first detected?
A
Nasal epithelium and pharyngeal tonsils
10
Q
During systemic neonatal infection, after the virus then enters the bloodstream by way of macrophages INTRACELLULAR VIREMIA results how many days after inoculation?
A
3-4 days
11
Q
CHV highest concentration are found in which organs?
A
- adrenal glands
- kidneys
- lungs
- spleen
- liver
12
Q
It is a frequent lesion in puppies infected by oronasal exposure due to CHV travelling up the nerve axons to the central nervous system (CNS)
A
Ganglioneuritis of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
13
Q
Aside from ganglioneuritis of the trigeminal nerve, which condition also commonly occurs in oronasally infected neonatal puppies, but CNS signs are not always apparent?
A
Meningoencephalitis
14
Q
Factors for abrupt development of resistance to CHV infection that occurs between 1 and 2 weeks of age
A
- temperature regulation
- immune status
15
Q
Optimal growth of CHV in cell cultures temperature?
A
between 35° C and 36° C
16
Q
In which range of age are normally clinically asymptomatic after CHV infection, but develop systemic CHV infection if their body temperatures are artificially reduced?
A
Puppies 4 to 8 weeks of age
17
Q
Pups nursing seronegative bitches develop a ____ ______ _____ when they are infected with CHV.
A
fatal multisystemic illness
18
Q
T/F. Puppies suckling seropositive bitches become infected and symptomatic, and the virus is recovered primarily from their oropharyngeal regions
A
False. They become infected but remain asymptomatic.
19
Q
T/F. Field evidence suggests that CHV is one viral cause of canine infectious respiratory disease complex.
A
True. In fact, CHV-associated illness was usually more severe, and its isolation rate was usually highest 3 to 4 weeks after the dog’s introduction into the kennel.
20
Q
Effects of CHV transplacental infection during mid to late gestation:
A
- abortion of mummified or dead fetuses
- premature or stillborn pups
- weak or runt newborn puppies
21
Q
CHV infection in postnatally infected puppies is associated with an acute and fatal illness, primarily occurring between:
A
1 and 3 weeks of age
22
Q
Clinical signs of infected puppies with CHV:
A
- appear dull and depressed
- lose interest in nursing
- lose body weight
- pass soft, yellow-green feces
- show discomfort during abdominal palpation
23
Q
recognized as causing endemic canine infectious respiratory disease in kennels
A
CHV
24
Q
T/F. Signs of systemic infection are rare in older pups.
A
True. Though there are other signs such as vomiting, diarrhea, depression and sudden death reported.
25
Give an ophthalmic antivirals successfully treat ocular infections in adult dogs with CHV.
1. cidofovir (0.5% every 12 hours)
2. trifluridine (1% every 4–6 hours)
26
Give the proper protocol (scheduled dates) for CHV vaccine Eurican Herpes 205.
1. first injection is given either when the bitch is on heat or 7 – 10 days after the date of mating
2. second injection is given 1 to 2 weeks before the expected date of whelping
27
Which of the following best describes the stability of CHV outside the host?
a) Highly stable and resistant to environmental changes
b) Moderately stable, surviving for several days under ideal conditions
c) Unstable and requires close contact for transmission
d) Variable stability depending on temperature and humidity
Unstable and requires close contact for transmission
28
CHV is maintained in nature primarily by:
Persistence in its canine host and direct spread
29
Which factor is LEAST likely to trigger CHV reactivation and shedding?
a) High population density
b) Pregnancy
c) Stable social grouping
d) Immunosuppressive therapy
Stable social grouping
30
Transmission of CHV primarily occurs through:
Direct contact with mucosal secretions
31
Newborn puppies can acquire CHV through all of the following EXCEPT:
a) In utero infection
b) Contact with infected littermates
c) Ingestion of maternal milk after the first week of life
d) Passage through the birth canal
Ingestion of maternal milk after the first week of life
32
Puppies younger than ______ are most susceptible to fatal generalized CHV infections.
1 weeks
33
In older dogs, CHV replication is typically restricted to:
The nasopharynx, genital tract, and lymphoid tissues
34
Transplacental CHV infection can result in:
a) Only mild illness in the dam
b) Infertility, abortion, or stillborn pups
c) Only asymptomatic infection in the pups
d) Increased litter size
Infertility, abortion, or stillborn pups
35
Which of the following is NOT a common site of CHV localization in lymphoid tissues?
a) Tonsils
b) Parotid salivary gland
c) Thymus
d) Sensory ganglia
Thymus
36
The initial site of CHV replication after oronasal exposure is:
The nasal epithelium and pharyngeal tonsils
37
CHV viremia occurs through:
a) Direct viral invasion of blood vessels
b) Macrophage-mediated transport
c) Lymphatic drainage
d) Neural transmission
Macrophage-mediated transport
38
Multifocal hemorrhage in CHV infection is associated with:
Vasculitis and thrombocytopenia
39
Ganglioneuritis in CHV-infected puppies often affects which nerve:
Trigeminal nerve
40
Which factor is LEAST involved in the development of resistance to CHV infection in puppies?
a) Temperature regulation
b) Maternal antibodies
c) Breed predisposition
d) Cell-mediated immune function
Breed predisposition
41
Hypothermia in neonatal puppies predisposes them to CHV infection because it impairs:
Fever production and cell-mediated immunity
42
Puppies nursing seronegative bitches infected with CHV will likely:
Develop a fatal multisystemic illness
43
Which of the following statements about adult genital CHV infection is TRUE?
a) It always presents with visible lesions.
b) It is primarily transmitted venereally from males to females.
c) It is often asymptomatic or limited to vaginal hyperemia.
d) It commonly causes significant discomfort and discharge.
It is often asymptomatic or limited to vaginal hyperemia.
44
Genital CHV infection in bitches is most important as a source of infection for:
Puppies at birth
45
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with adult respiratory CHV infection?
a) Tracheobronchitis
b) Severe pneumonia
c) Mild upper respiratory signs
d) Systemic illness
Severe pneumonia
46
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical finding in neonatal CHV infection?
a) Elevated body temperature
b) Petechial hemorrhages on mucous membranes
c) Persistent crying and restlessness
d) Loss of interest in nursing
Elevated body temperature
47
Which of the following is a common neurological sign in CHV survivors?
a) Hyperactivity
b) Ataxia
c) Increased appetite
d) Vocalization
Ataxia
48
In puppies older than 3 weeks, disseminated CHV infection is often exacerbated by:
Concurrent infection or immunosuppression
49
Which of the following best describes the rectal temperature of puppies with fatal CHV infection shortly before death?
a) Elevated
b) Normal
c) Subnormal
d) Fluctuating
Subnormal
50
Diagnosis of CHV infection relies on:
Clinical signs and confirmatory laboratory testing
51
Which of the following is a suitable method for confirming CHV diagnosis?
a) Complete blood count
b) Antibody ELISA or PCR assays
c) Radiography
d) Urinalysis
Antibody ELISA or PCR assays
52
The mainstay of CHV treatment is:
Supportive care
53
Eurican Herpes 205 vaccine is administered to:
a) Puppies
b) Pregnant bitches
c) Adult males
d) All dogs regardless of age or reproductive status
Pregnant bitches
54
Which of the following conditions is most likely to trigger CHV reactivation?
A) High environmental temperatures
B) Administration of antiviral drugs
C) Stress, pregnancy, or immunosuppression
D) Long-term exposure to infected animals
Stress, pregnancy, or immunosuppression
55
Why are neonatal puppies particularly susceptible to CHV infection?
They have an immature immune system and poor thermoregulation
56
Which of the following is a consequence of CHV-induced thrombocytopenia?
A) Hypercoagulability
B) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
C) Renal failure
D) Chronic anemia
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
57
A major hallmark of systemic CHV infection in neonates is:
Hemorrhagic necrosis of multiple organs
58
Which clinical sign differentiates CHV-infected neonatal puppies from other viral infections?
A) Persistent fever and dehydration
B) Cyanotic mucous membranes
C) Normal body temperature despite illness
D) Persistent vomiting
Normal body temperature despite illness
59
Adult dogs infected with CHV may present with:
Mild respiratory or genital disease
60
What is the most reliable diagnostic test for confirming CHV infection?
PCR or antibody ELISA
61
What post-mortem finding is characteristic of CHV infection in neonates?
Multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis
62
Which neonatal condition should raise suspicion for CHV infection?
A) Lethargy and weight gain
B) Systemic illness without fever
C) Bilateral conjunctivitis
D) Sudden hyperthermia
Systemic illness without fever
63
What is the primary method to prevent CHV mortality in puppies?
Vaccination of pregnant bitches
64
What is the name of the CHV vaccine available for pregnant bitches?
Eurican Herpes 205
65
The latency of CHV occurs primarily in:
Lymph nodes and ganglia
66
Which factor significantly reduces CHV replication in neonates?
A) Low oxygen levels
B) High environmental temperatures
C) High humidity
D) Increased water intake
High environmental temperatures
67
It is best known as a severe viral infection of puppies with only
canids (dogs, wolves, coyotes) are known to be susceptible
Canine herpesvirus infection
68
Most puppies surviving in utero herpesvirus infection develop systemic infection within _ days of birth.
9 days
69
Where is the CHV virus first detected after oronasal exposure?
Nasal epithelium
Pharyngeal tonsils
70
Primary replication of CHV occurs in epithelial cells and mucosa within how many hours PI?
24 hours
71
How quickly does intracellular viremia lead to systemic viral spread after inoculation?
within 3-4 days
72
Commonly occurs in oronasally CHV infected neonatal puppies:
Meningoencephalitis
73
Normal temperature of adult dogs:
38.4° C to 39.5° C
74
When does a newborn pup's temperature regulation typically develop, and what is their usual rectal temperature?
2-3 weeks of age
1° C to 1.5° C
75
At what age are puppies typically asymptomatic after CHV infection?
4 to 8 weeks of age
76
Where is the primary location for CHV recovery in asymptomatic puppies that have become infected through suckling seropositive bitches?
oropharyngeal regions
77
Which virus was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage (9.6%) and tracheal samples (12.8 %) of shelter dogs with endemic respiratory illness in the temporal study?
CHV
78
In uncertain significance, CHV has been recovered from the lungs of dogs
with these infections:
Distemper
Acute conjunctivitis
79
For how long has viral latency been demonstrated in intranasally-infected dogs after CHV infection?
6 months
80
How quickly does recrudescence of CHV typically occur after treatment with glucocorticoids or anti-lymphocyte serum in dogs with latent infections?
within 1 week
81
In cases of CHV, this is the plausible explanation for subclinical persistence and the rare recurrences of abortions, fetal infections, or neonatal illnesses.
Recrudescence
82
Transplacental CHV infection may occur at mid to late gestation and can result:
1. abortion of mummified or dead fetuses
2. premature or stillborn pups
3. weak or runt newborn puppies
83
What is the typical age range for acute and fatal CHV illness in postnatally infected puppies?
1 and 3 weeks of age
84
What factors are believed to exacerbate disseminated CHV infection in puppies older than 3 weeks?
concurrent infection or immunosuppression
85
What type of nasal discharge is frequently observed in puppies with rhinitis due to CHV infection?
Serous to mucopurulent (rare: hemorrhagic discharge)
86
Where are petechial hemorrhages typically observed in CHV-infected puppies?
mucous membranes
87
What type of skin lesions and edema may be noted on the ventral abdomen and inguinal region of CHV-infected puppies?
Erythematous rash
88
1. What neurological signs may be observed just before death in CHV-infected puppies and 2. how quickly does death typically occur after the onset of clinical illness??
1. Opisthotonos and seizures
2. 24-48 hrs
89
What are the most common long-term consequences for puppies that survive CHV-infection?
Ataxia
Blindness
Cerebellar vestibular deficits
90
What type of infection do dogs older than 3-4 weeks typically develop as a result of CHV?
mild or inapparent upper respiratory infection
91
In which age group of pups have severe pneumonic manifestations and systemic CHV infection been observed?
8 weeks and older
92
While systemic infection signs are rare in older pups, vomiting, serous ocular discharge, hepatomegaly, and sudden deaths have been reported in naturally infected____ week old coyote pups?
8-10
93
Even with abortions or stillbirths, what clinical signs are not typically observed in pregnant bitches with genital CHV infections?
No discomfort or vaginal discharge
94
1. When are vesicular lesions typically observed in female dogs with genital CHV infections, and 2. when do they regress?
1. proestrus
2. anestrus
95
What are the characteristic findings in older pregnant bitches with primary genital CHV infections?
lymphofollicular lesions
96
In systemically affected puppies, CHV infection may be confused
with?
infectious canine hepatitis
96
What key pathological finding, often associated with infectious canine hepatitis, is not present in systemically affected puppies with CHV infection that distinguish it from ICH?
thickened, edematous gallbladder
