Canine Viral Enteritis

Question 1

The stability of canine parvoviruses (CPVs) in the environment is best described as:

a) Labile and easily inactivated by common disinfectants.
b) Moderately stable, persisting for a few weeks on surfaces.
c) Extremely stable and resistant to most common detergents and disinfectants.
d) Unstable in dry environments but persistent in moist conditions.

Answer 1

Extremely stable and resistant to most common detergents and disinfectants

Question 2

What disinfectant is specifically noted as effective against canine parvoviruses (CPVs)?

Answer 2

Sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach)

Question 3

The emergence of CPV-2 as a significant cause of infectious diarrhea in dogs occurred around:

Answer 3

The late 1970s.

Question 4

The genetic alterations of the original CPV-2 strain led to the development of which subsequent major antigenic variants?

Answer 4

Type 2a and 2b

Question 5

Which of the following animal species, other than domestic dogs, has been reported to have natural CPV-2 infections?
a) Domestic cats (Felis catus)
b) Raccoons (Procyon lotor)
c) Bush dogs (Speothos venaticus)
d) Domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

Answer 5

Bush dogs (Speothos venaticus)

Question 6

The primary mode of CPV-2 transmission among dogs is through:

Answer 6

Oronasal exposure to contaminated feces in the environment

Question 7

In field conditions, the typical incubation period for the original CPV-2 strain is approximately:

Answer 7

7 to 14 days.

Question 8

Which of the following dog breeds is listed as having an increased risk for developing acute CPV-2 enteritis?
a) Beagle
b) Poodle
c) Rottweiler
d) Boxer

Answer 8

Rottweiler

Question 9

The primary cellular target for CPV-2 replication and destruction in the small intestine is the?

Answer 9

Germinal epithelium of the intestinal crypts.

Question 10

Active shedding of CPV-2 in the feces typically begins:

Answer 10

Three to four days after exposure, often before clinical signs.

Question 11

The detection of serum antibody titers against CPV-2 generally occurs as early as:

Answer 11

3 to 4 days after infection.

Question 12

While CPV-2 primarily targets the GI tract and myocardium, what other tissues has also been documented as being affected by the virus?

Answer 12

Skin, CNS

Question 13

Death in acute CPV-2 enteritis can occur as early as 2 days after the onset of illness and is often associated with:

a) Primary viral myocarditis.
b) Severe hypoglycemia alone.
c) Gram-negative sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
d) Primary neurologic hemorrhage.

Answer 13

Gram-negative sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Question 14

Primary neurologic disease associated with CPV-2 is most commonly a consequence of:

a) Direct viral invasion and destruction of neurons.
b) Autoimmune encephalitis triggered by the viral infection.
c) Hemorrhage into the central nervous system secondary to DIC or metabolic disturbances.
d) Ascending paralysis due to peripheral nerve damage.

Answer 14

Hemorrhage into the central nervous system secondary to DIC or metabolic disturbances.

Question 15

Canine parvovirus-2 myocarditis typically develops in pups of what age group?

Answer 15

Younger than 8 weeks or through in utero infection

Question 16

The detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pups following CPV-2 enteritis is primarily attributed to:

a) Direct viral shedding into the urinary tract.
b) Increased glomerular filtration rate during the recovery phase.
c) Fecal contamination of the external genitalia associated with neutropenia.
d) Impaired bladder emptying due to neurologic involvement.
Answer: c) Fecal contamination of the external genitalia associated with neutropenia.

Answer 16

Fecal contamination of the external genitalia associated with neutropenia.

Question 17

A high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer in a single serum sample collected after a dog has been clinically ill with suspected CPV-2 for 5 days is:

Answer 17

Diagnostic for CPV-2 infection.

Question 18

Canine parvovirus primarily affects dogs of what age group?

Answer 18

Puppies younger than 6 months

Question 19

How long can CPV-2 survive on objects like clothing and cage floors?

Answer 19

5 months or longer

Question 20

Bleach solutions used to disinfect against CPV need a minimum __________ time to be effective.

Answer 20

10 minutes

Question 21

What is a key factor that can interfere with a puppy’s ability to be successfully vaccinated against CPV-2?

Answer 21

Maternal antibodies

Question 22

While several viruses have been isolated from dogs with diarrhea, the text emphasizes that the pathogenicity of which group of viruses is considered uncertain?

Answer 22

Astrovirus, herpesvirus, enteroviruses, and calicivirus

Question 23

Shortest incubation period of CPV2a and CPV 2b in the field

Answer 23

4-6 days

Question 24

CPV-2 is shed extensively in the feces for a maximum of?

Answer 24

7-10 days

Question 25

Active excretion of CPV-2 begins on the ______ day after exposure?

Answer 25

3rd and 4th

Question 26

Name the 2 main tissues associated with CPV-2 infection

Answer 26

GI tract, Myocardium

Question 27

The most severe CPV-2 infections are usually in pups younger than ______ weeks because these pups lack protective immunity and have an increased number of growing, dividing cells.

Answer 27

12 weeks

Question 28

Describe the color of feces of CPV-2 infected puppies

Answer 28

Yellow-gray and are streaked or darkened by blood

Question 29

Which cutaneous disease was diagnosed in a dog with parvoviral enteritis characterized by ulceration of the footpads, pressure points, and mouth and vaginal mucosa?

Answer 29

Erythema multiforme

Question 30

These tests are relatively sensitive and specific for detecting CPV-2 infection.

Answer 30

Fecal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Question 31

Has been used as a specific and sensitive means of detecting CPV in feces of infected dogs which helps differentiate between virulent and vaccine CPV strains.

Answer 31

PCR

Question 32

Early lesions of CPV-2 infection are most pronounced in the?

Answer 32

distal duodenum

Question 33

May be observed in dogs dying of complicating septicemia.

Answer 33

Pulmonary edema, alveolitis

Question 34

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the dorsal side of the tongue?

Answer 34

96.3

Question 35

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the pharynx?

Answer 35

81

Question 36

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the esophagus?

Answer 36

50

Question 37

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the ventral tongue?

Answer 37

20.4

Question 38

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the planum nasale?

Answer 38

5.6

Question 39

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the small intestinal mucosa?

Answer 39

85.2

Question 40

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the bone marrow?

Answer 40

81.6

Question 41

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the spleen?

Answer 41

79.6

Question 42

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the thymus?

Answer 42

66.7

Question 43

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the mesenteric nodes?

Answer 43

50.4

Question 44

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the palatine tonsils?

Answer 44

58.5

Question 45

Using indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, how many % of antigen in dogs with lethal CPV enteritis can be found in the myocardium?

Answer 45

1.9

Question 46

2 most common bacteria associated with CPV-2 infection

Answer 46

Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens

Question 47

For CPV-2 infection, the best antibacterial spectrum is provided by combination of?

Answer 47

Penicillin and aminoglycosides

Question 48

2 drugs that proved helpful in most dogs with persistent vomiting due to CPV-2 infection.

Answer 48

Metoclopramide hydrochloride Prochlorperazine

Question 49

The _______ are the most efficacious antiemetics.

Answer 49

serotonin receptor antagonists

Question 50

A cause of enteritis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and lymphadenitis in pups between 5 and 21 days of age.

Answer 50

CPV-1

Question 51

Describe the characteristics of feces of CCV infected pups.

Answer 51

Orange in color, very malodorous, and infrequently contain blood.

Question 52

Atrophy and fusion of intestinal villi and a deepening of the crypts characterize the intestinal lesions of?

Answer 52

Canine coronaviral enteritis

Question 53

Which viral enteritis is characterized by the dilated intestinal loops filled with thin, watery, green-yellow fecal material during severe cases?

Answer 53

Canine coronaviral enteritis

Question 54

They are sometimes referred to as duovirus or reovirus-like.

Answer 54

Rotaviruses

Question 55

Infect the most mature epithelial cells on the luminal tips of the small intestinal villi, leading to mild-to-moderate villous atrophy.

Answer 55

Rotaviruses

Question 56

Necrosis of rotavirus-infected cells is most pronounced ____ hours after oral infection.

Answer 56

18 to 48

Question 57

Clinical signs result primarily from the villous atrophy, leading to mild to moderate maldigestion and malabsorption and osmotic diarrhea.

Answer 57

CANINE ROTAVIRAL INFECTION

Question 58

Describe the feces of CRV-infected pups.

Answer 58

Watery to mucoid

Question 59

Canine Parvovirus-1 (CPV-1) is most closely related, based on genetic analysis, to which of the following viruses, highlighting a potential interspecies origin? a) Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) b) Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) c) Bovine Parvovirus d) Porcine Parvovirus

Answer 59

Bovine Parvovirus

Question 60

A key difference in the epidemiology of CPV-1 compared to CPV-2 is that while CPV-2 can cause severe disease in dogs of various ages, CPV-1 clinical disease is typically restricted to pups of what age range, emphasizing a specific vulnerability window?

Answer 60

Younger than 3 weeks (though up to 5 weeks reported)

Question 61

A significant pathogenic difference between CPV-1 and CPV-2 is CPV-1's demonstrated ability to __________, which has implications for reproductive health not typically associated with CPV-2.

Answer 61

Cross the placenta and cause fetal death or birth defects

Question 62

A notable pathologic finding more characteristic of CPV-1 infection in nursing pups compared to CPV-2 is __________

Answer 62

Thymic edema and atrophy

Question 63

Canine Coronavirus (CCV) replication occurs primarily in the __________, a key difference from CPV-2 which targets rapidly dividing cells in the intestinal crypts.

Answer 63

Mature epithelial cells of the villi of the small intestine

Question 64

A significant difference in the pathogenesis of CCV compared to CPV-2 in the small intestine is that CCV typically causes __________, whereas CPV-2 leads to destruction and collapse of the epithelium

Answer 64

Villous atrophy and fusion with crypt hyperplasia

Question 65

The clinical signs of CCV infection are often described as _________ compared to CPV-2 infection, which typically presents with more severe and dramatic symptoms, aiding in differential diagnosis.

Answer 65

Usually less dramatic, with orange, malodorous feces and less frequent fever or leukopenia

Question 66

Canine Rotavirus (CRV) primarily infects the __________, a distinction from CPV-2 targeting crypt cells and CCV targeting mature villous cells, leading to different patterns of intestinal damage.

Answer 66

Most mature epithelial cells on the luminal tips of the small intestinal villi

Question 67

CPV-1 is also known as:

Answer 67

Minute Virus of Canines (MVC)

Question 68

CPV-1 clinical infections are usually seen in pups younger than:

Answer 68

3 weeks

Question 69

A common sign in pups with CPV-1 infection is: a) Chronic diarrhea b) Lethargy c) Mild diarrhea d) Weight loss

Answer 69

Mild diarrhea

Question 70

CCV is spread through groups of dogs: a) Slowly b) Moderately c) Rapidly d) Rarely

Answer 70

Rapidly

Question 71

A characteristic color of feces in CCV infection is often:

Answer 71

Orange

Question 72

Unlike CPV-2, fever is __________ constant in CCV infection. a) Always b) Usually c) Not d) Sometimes

Answer 72

NOT

Question 73

Diagnosis of CCV can involve detecting the virus in fresh __________. a) Urine b) Blood c) Feces d) Saliva

Answer 73

Feces

Question 74

Most clinical rotaviral infections are seen in pups younger than

Answer 74

12 weeks

Question 75

A common sign of CRV infection is __________ diarrhea.

Answer 75

Watery to mucoid