Funds exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
involves the skin or subcutaneous tissue
A
cutaneous pain
2
Q
originates deeper in the bones, tendons, ligaments, & vasculature
A
somatic pain
3
Q
results from activation of pain receptors in organs or hollow viscera, tends to be poorly located & may have cramping, pressing, throbbing, or aching quality
A
visceral pain
4
Q
from damaged or malfunctioning nerves
A
neuropathic pain
5
Q
what type of pain originates in nociceptors which are peripheral somatosensory nerve fibers that transduce noxious stimuli
A
nociceptive pain
6
Q
what are the 4 processes involved in nociception?
A
transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation
7
Q
a powerful vasodilator that increases capillary permeability and constricts smooth muscle
A
Bradykinin
8
Q
important hormone-like substances that send additional pain stimuli to the CNS
A
Prostaglandins
9
Q
sensitize receptors on nerves to feel pain and increase the rate of firing of nerves
A
substance P
10
Q
conduct pain stimuli toward the brian
A
small nerve fibers
11
Q
conduct movement (walking, shaking hand)
A
large nerve fibers
12
Q
when a nonpainful input closes the nerve gates to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system
A
gate control theory
13
Q
minimum intensity of stimulus that’s perceived as painful
A
pain threshold
14
Q
can affect the patients perception of pain (slowly walking into a pool)
A
adaptation
15
Q
the process by which sensation of pain is inhibited or modified
A
modulation of pain
16
Q
natural morphine like endorphins, enkephalins, and endorphin dynorphins
A
neuromodulators
17
Q
increase in BP and pulse can indicate what
A
pain
18
Q
what acronym do you use to assess pain
A
OLDCARTS ICE
19
Q
scale with faces on it for kids above 3 and adults
A
Wong-baker faces
20
Q
pain tool for kids too young to point to a face for pain
A
Beyer oucher pain scale
21
Q
pain assessment tool for neonates that uses objective data
A
CRIES pain scale
22
Q
pain scale for infants and kids 2months-7years who are unable to give their pain a number
A
FLACC scale
23
Q
pain scale for infants, kids, and adults who cant use the numeric rating or faces (uses objective data)
A
Comfort scale
24
Q
what does non-pharmacological pain control do
A
it is an alternative or used in addition to pain meds
25
what is biofeedback
doing something like deep breathing
26
sedation scale
s=asleep
1=AAO
2=drowsy but easy to arouse
3=reduce the dosage bc pt. drifting off
4=consider use of naloxone bc pt. no response to stimuli
27
what pain relief is used for mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever
nonopioid analgesics
28
what are some nonopioid analgesics
NSAIDS & Tylenol
29
what pain relief is used to stimulate opioid receptors or bind with pain receptors to block pain impulse
opioids or narcotic analgesics
30
what are examples of opioids or narcotic analgesics?
Mu agonists (acute & chronic) and agonist-antagonists (mild to severe)
31
what pain relief is used for mild pain or in conjunction with opioids for moderate to severe pain?
anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, corticosteroids, etc
32
what are side effects of opioids?
constipation, dry mouth, respiratory depression, n/v, sedation, hypotension
33
when patients have the oposite effect of a pain reliever
paradoxical reactions
34
what do you need to asses before and after administering pain meds?
RR
35
receptor that provides senses of touch, pressure, & vibration
mechanoreceptors
36
specialized nerve cells in the skin
thermoreceptors
37
receptors that detect sound waves
hair cells in cochlea
38
receptors that are for taste and smell
chemoreceptors
39
what does gustatory mean
impaired taste
40
sensory deficit vs deprivation
deficit- impaired sense (inabilities)
deprivation- lack of senses
41
what is hemispatial neglect
only seeing half of the vision (thinking its the full circle but its just half)
42
eyes that dont stay stationary on an object when the head is turned
doll eyes
43
astigmatism
imperfection of eye curvature
44
retinopathy
damage to the blood vessels in the retina from diabetes
45
central deafness
damage to cochlear nuclei causing deafness
46
what is serum osmolality range
280-300
47
what is urine osmolality range
200-800
48
what is urine specific gravity range
1.01-1.02
49
how do you treat hypovolemia
with rehydration and an isotonic solution
50
paracentesis
drain fluid from abdomen
51
thoracentesis
drain chest cavity
52
when water passes from low concentration to high concentration
osmosis
53
solutes moving from high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
54
requiring energy to move from low concentration to high concentration
active transport
55
moving from high to low pressure through a membrane
capillary filtration
56
force exerted by the fluid present within the blood capillaries against the capillary wall (pushing fluid out of capillaries)
hydrostatic pressure
57
force exerted by proteins like albumin in the blood plasma (pushing fluid in capillaries)
oncotic pressure
58
observable fluid loss
sensible loss
59
water loss through urine, feces, and skin
sensible loss
60
non-observable loss
insensible loss
61
water loss through expired air and cutaneous transpiration
insensible loss
62
fluid type with same osmolarity as blood plasma
isotonic
63
0.9% NS
Lactated ringers
D5W
D5NS
isotonic
64
fluid type with less osmolarity than the body fluid
hypotonic
65
water
0.45%NS
D2.5W
hypotonic
66
fluid type with more osmolarity than the body fluids
hypertonic
67
3% sodium chloride
5% sodium chloride
hypertonic
68
large molecules that don't cross over the membrane out of vessels and causes water to shift into the intravascular system to increase BP
colloids
69
dextran in NS or D5W
albumin
hespan
colloids
70
plasma- clotting factors
serum
71
if the kidneys sense diminished perfusion they will secrete what
renin
72
increased blood osmolality triggers the brain to signal the pituitary gland to secrete what
antidiuretic hormone
73
when dehydrated, blood osmolality and osmolarity do what
increase
74
what lab is increase in patients with heart failure
BNP
75
name the normal ranges:
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Phos
Cl
Na: 135-145
K: 3.5-5.0
Ca: 8.2-10.2
Mg: 1.5-2.5
Phos: 2.5-4.5
Cl: 97-107
76
name normal ranges:
pH
Co2
HCo3
pH: 7.35-7.45
Co2: 35-45
HCo3: 22-26
77
HCo3 normal
uncompensated
78
pH normal
fully compensated
79
pH,Co2,HCo3 all abnormal
partially compensated
80
what compensatory mechanism is the most powerful
renal mechanism
81
hypokalemia puts patients at risk for developing which acid base inbalance
metabolic alkalosis
82
desire to become the most that one can be
self-actualization
83
feeling pride and accomplishments for self
self-esteem
84
both accepting and receiving love with building a patient-nurse relationship
love and belonging
85
personal security, employment, resources, health, and property
safety and security
86
basic needs to have to be met before moving up maslow's hierarchy
physiological needs
87
traditional family with parents and their children
nuclear family
88
what function of the family provides safe comfortable environment necessary for growth and developement
physical
89
what function of the family provides financial aid to fam members
economic
90
what family function provides emotional comfort and help with establishing identity
affective and coping
91
what family function teaches values, beliefs, attitudes, and guides in problem solving
socialization
92
minority group takes on values of dominant culture
cultural assimilation
93
the ability to provide care to patients with diverse values, beliefs, and behaviors, including the tailoring of health care delivery to meet patients social, cultural, ad linguistic needs
cultural competence
94
when one assumes that all members of a culture, ethnic group, or race act alike
stereotyping
95
the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes
culture shock
96
nursing care focused on cultural care values, beliefs and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures
transcultural nursing
97
ignores differences and proceeds as if they did not exist
cultural blindness
98
people become aware of differences and feel threatened
culture conflict
99
belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system
cultural imposition
100
the recognition, protection, and continued advancement of inherent rights, cultures, and traditions of particular culture
cultural respect
101
belief the one's ideas, beliefs, and practices are the best or superior or are most preferred to those of others
ethnocentrism
102
ability of caregivers and organizations to understand and effectively respond to the linguistic needs of patients and their families in a healthcare encounter
linguistic competence
103
large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group
subculture
104
sense of identification with a collective cultural group, based on common heritage
ethnicity
105
associated with biology, linked with physical characteristics such as skin color, and hair texture
race
106
the theory of aging that is from functions of the immune system steadily declining
immunity
107
the theory of aging that is from oxidative stress damages to the cell membranes
free radical
108
early theory maintained that older adults often withdraw from society and become self-focused but later studies show that older adults increase their relationships with close family and friends
disengagement theory
109
theory of successful aging includes ability to maintain high levels of activity and functioning. may substitute activities but does not disengage from society
activity theory
110
theory of continuing similar patterns of behavior from young and middle adulthood
continuity theory
111
who's theory is to maintain social contracts and relationships/ find new meaningful age-related roles
Havighurst
112
name the 3 D's of old age
dementia
delirium
depression
113
when a person is detached from who they are
identity diffusion
114
where a person doesnt feel their thoughts are their own
depersonalization
115
coopersmith self-esteem: the way people feel they are loved and approved of by the people important to them
significance
116
coopersmith self-esteem: the way tasks that are considered important are performed by them
competence
117
coopersmith self-esteem: the attainment of moral-ethical standards
virtue
118
coopersmith self-esteem: the extent to which people influence their own and others' lives
power
119
self-awareness
infancy
120
self-recognition
18 months
121
self-definition
3 years
122
self-concept
6-7 years
123
a condition in which the human system responds to changes in its normal state
stress
124
anything perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding that triggers a stress reaction
stressor
125
change that occurs in response to the stressor
adaptation
126
short-term stress that promotes positives
eustress
127
homeostasis that involves only one specific body part
local adaptation syndrome (LAS)
128
homeostasis that is a biochemical model of stress
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
129
what are the stages of general adaptation syndrome
1- alarm reaction (fight or flight)
2- resistance (adapting)
3- exhaustion
130
describe anxiety:
mild
moderate
severe
panic
mild-test
moderate-date
severe-singular focus on anxiety
panic-panic attack
