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Boards - Pathology > Fundamentals > Flashcards

Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal pain, blue gum line, and constipation

A

lead poisoning

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2
Q

Abdominal pain and tenderness in right iliac fossa

A

appendicitis

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3
Q

abdominal pain from alcoholic binge

A

pancreatitis

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4
Q

abdominal pain in right iliac fossa and diarrhea

A

Chrohn’s Dz

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5
Q

Abdominal pain in left iliac fossa, bloody stool, young female

A

Ulcerative colitis

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6
Q

abdominal pain in let iliac fossa, bloody stool, older male

A

diverticulitis

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7
Q

abdominal pain, splenomegaly in a black child

A

sickle cell disease

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8
Q

adrenal hemorrhage and shock

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

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9
Q

Amenorrhea, no lactation after pospartum hemorrhage

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

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10
Q

Arachnodacyl, lens dislocation, hypermobile joints

A

Marfan’s Dz

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11
Q

Argyll-Robertson pupil, aortic aneurysm and angina pectoris

A

tertiary syphilis

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12
Q

Ataxia, heart problems and scoliosis

A

Friedreich’s Dz

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13
Q

Beef-red tongue and fatgue

A

Vit B12 Deficiency (def)

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14
Q

b/l hilar lymphaedenopathy, erythema nodosum

A

Sarcoidosis

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15
Q

b/l ptosis, diplopia and difficulty chewing in female

A

Myasthenic gravis

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16
Q

Bitlot’s spots in the eye

A

Vit A def.

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17
Q

Bladder or bowel control issues

A

Cauda Equina synd.

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18
Q

bleeding swollen gums

A

scurvy

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19
Q

Blue lips, swollen ankles, and dyspnea

A

chronic bronchitis

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20
Q

Blue sclera and frequent infant fractures

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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21
Q

Bone pain, head enlargement and deafness

A

Paget’s Dz of bone

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22
Q

Bronze skin, cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus

A

hemochromatosis

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23
Q

Buffalo hump, obesity and purplish abdominal striae

A

Cushing’s synd.

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24
Q

Buboes in groin, sign of the groove

A

lymphogranuloma venereum

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25
Q

Bull’s eye rash

A

Lyme Dz

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26
Q

Butterfly rash and multiple painful joints in a young female

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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27
Q

caused by vasodilation from histamine release

A

Rubor (redness) and calor (heat)

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28
Q

caused by increased vascular perm. due to histamine

A

tumor (swelling)

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29
Q

causedby release of bradykinin from damaged cells

A

dolor (pain)

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30
Q

WBC;s moving to periphery of blood vessels

A

margination

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31
Q

WBC’s sticking to blood vessel endothelium

A

pavementation (adhesion)

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32
Q

transmigration of WBC’s across blood vessels

A

diapedesis

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33
Q

clumping of WBC’s

A

aggregation

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34
Q

macrophage ingestion of bacteria

A

phagocytosis

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35
Q

derived from Kinin, complement, and coagulation systems

A

plasma mediators

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36
Q

bradykinin-most powerful vasodilator, causes pain

A

Kinin mediators

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37
Q

C3a-vasodilation, C3b-opsonin, C5a-chemotaxis, C5-9-MAC

A

complement mediators

38
Q

membrane attack complex (C5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

A

MAC

39
Q

thrombin and fibrin split products –> increase vascular perm

A

coagulation mediators

40
Q

Factor Xll (Hageman factor)

A

Common systems activator

41
Q

vasoactive amines, Arachidonic acid derivatives and Leukotrienes

A

cell-derived mediators

42
Q

increased vascular perm, arachidonic acid metabolism

A

platelet activating factor

43
Q

absence of an organ

A

agenesis

44
Q

failure of normal organ development

A

aplasia

45
Q

under-development of an organ

A

hypoplasia

46
Q

increase in tissue cell number

A

hyperplasia

47
Q

increase in size of cell/tissue

A

hypertrophy

48
Q

fever, anorexia, increased protein synthesis and leukocytosis

A

systemic acute phase reactions

49
Q

pus-filled cavity, liquefactive necrosis

A

abscess

50
Q

blind-ending tract connecting to one epithelial surface

A

sinus

51
Q

abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces

A

fistula

52
Q

loss of surface epithelium

A

ulcer

53
Q

overgrowth of fibrous tissue in a scar

A

keloid

54
Q

proliferation of fibroblasts, blood vessels, epithelioid cells, necrosis

A

chronic inflammation

55
Q

cell death with cheese-like appearance; tuberculosis, tertiary syphilis

A

caseous necrosis

56
Q

cell death with visible cell outlines; sarcoidosis, Crohn’s

A

non-caseous necrosis

57
Q

activated macrophages (migrated monocytes); chronic inflammation

A

epithelioid cells

58
Q

giant cells formed by fused epithelioidcells; tuberculosis, tertiary syphilis

A

Langhans giant cells

59
Q

reversible change from one cell type to another

A

metaplasia

60
Q

disorderly non-neoplastic tissue change; may be reversible

A

dysplasia

61
Q

disordered uncontrolled growth of cells; irreversible

A

anaplasia

62
Q

lack of blood supply resulting in decreased ATP production

A

ischemia

63
Q

oxygen deprivation

A

hypoxia

64
Q

absence of oxygen

A

anoxia

65
Q

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical

A

oxygen-based free radicals

66
Q

superoxide dismutase, catalase and G6PD

A

destruction of free radical

67
Q

potent interleukin chemotaxin

A

Il-8

68
Q

due to protein denaturation; seen in myocardial infarction

A

coagulative necrosis

69
Q

seen in infarctions in the brain and any type of abscess

A

liquefactive necrosis

70
Q

cheesy material as seen in tuberculosis

A

caseous necrosis

71
Q

necrosis seen in pancreatitis

A

enzymatic necrosis

72
Q

bread and butter appearance as seen in rheumatic pericarditis

A

fibrinoid necrosis

73
Q

dead fat cells with surrounding inflammation

A

fat necrosis

74
Q

type of degeneration seen in muslce damage

A

Senker’s degeneration

75
Q

antegrade degeneration seen in nerve axon damage

A

Wallerian degeneration

76
Q

programmed cell death, individual cells, no inflammation

A

apoptosis

77
Q

irreversible nuclear condensation due to pH changes

A

pyknosis

78
Q

fragmentation of chromatin due to Ca++ influx

A

karyorrhexis

79
Q

enzymatic breakdown of DNA with destruction of nuclear material

A

karyolysis

80
Q

dystrophic or metastatic calcification

A

calcium deposits in tissue

81
Q

calcification in damaged tissue, serum calcium in normal

A

dystrophic calcification

82
Q

calcification of normal tissue, calcium is elevated, bone metastases

A

metastatic calcification

83
Q

ultrafiltrate of plasma, low protein content, low SG and no cells

A

transudate

84
Q

inflammatory extrvascular fluid, high protein, high SG, many cells

A

exudate

85
Q

low protein, seen in mild inflammation

A

serous exudate

86
Q

pus formation: dead neutrophils, fibrinogen and dead cells

A

purulent exudate

87
Q

mainly fibrin: bread and butter appearance, rheumatic fever

A

fibrinous exudate

88
Q

close approximation of edges by suture, quick repair, small scar

A

healing by primary intention

89
Q

no sutures, slow healing, more granulation tissue, large scar

A

healing by secondary intention

90
Q

hematoma, cartilaginous callus, bone callus, remodeling

A

phases of bone fracture healing

91
Q

homostasis, inflammation, granulation tissue, remodeling

A

phases of healing

Boards - Pathology (15 decks)

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