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Year 2 Environmental > Fresh Water Ecosystems > Flashcards

Fresh Water Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key physical and chemical properties of fresh water systems?

A

Density, viscosity, flow, velocity, depth, light, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and Nutrients

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2
Q

How much total water on the plant is fresh water?

A

Only about 3%

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3
Q

What percentage of freshwater is located in accessible fresh water locations?

A

1%

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4
Q

What percentage of accessible freshwater systems are rivers?

A

1%

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5
Q

How does density vary in water?

A

Varies with temperature and salinity

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6
Q

Why does viscosity effect a stream?

A

Different animals can tolerate different levels of viscosity

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7
Q

Who developed the chart to see how viscosity effects animals?

A

Reynolds number ratio of inertial

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8
Q

How does drag effect a large object?

A

Drag is much less than pressure

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9
Q

How does effect a medium object?, eg a fish

A

Pressure and drag both equall

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10
Q

How does drag effect a small object?

A

Drag and viscosity much more important that pressure

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11
Q

Why do rivers exist?

A

Fastest way for runoff water to reach its level, eg an ocean

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12
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Resistance of a fluid to sheer stress

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13
Q

What is a lot if system?

A

A river, moving water

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14
Q

What is a lentil system?

A

Lakes, standing water

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15
Q

Where is depth much more important?

A

Lakes rather than rivers

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16
Q

What is water temperature dependent upon?

A

Origin, groundwater, surface run off, glaciers, tributarys, air temp. Season. Time of day. Water depth and discharge

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17
Q

How can could clouds change water temp?

A

Longwaves emitted. Insulation

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18
Q

What exchange is there from the river and groundwater?

A

Hyperthermia exchange

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19
Q

What is the friction called that acts on rivers?

A

Fluid friction

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20
Q

What is the average groundwater temp in the uk?

A

11 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

What is the relationship like between air and water temp?

A

Strong

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22
Q

What can be said about air temp compared to water temp?

A

It is more unstable

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23
Q

When does air and water temp not have a strong relationship

A

When freezing

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24
Q

What effect can ice have on river organisms?

A

Physical impacts on bilogical communities like freezing or damage

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25
Q

What is frazil ice?

A

Ice rivers that flow, goopy and often stops

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26
Q

How does origin of water effect temperature?

A

If it comes from a glacier it will be colder, karstic will also be cold

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27
Q

Does water temperature decrease downstream?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Why are topography and river vegetation important?

A

Influence temperatures, eg shading, slowing down water

29
Q

Why has the river Trent shown a decline in temp?

A

Due to factories being closed on the river

30
Q

What impact can water temperature have on salmon development rates?

A

Can slow growth of eggs of water is is colder

31
Q

What is a bivoltine animal

A

One that has two generations in one year?

32
Q

Why happens with the two different life cycles in a mayfly population?

A

Due to different temperature one cycle is much slower than the other, the greater this temperature difference the more different these life cycles are

33
Q

What can effect DO in water?

A

Temperature and altitude

34
Q

What happens with ionic compounds with temperature increase?

A

Warmer temperatures mean ionic compounds have greater solubility

35
Q

How is DO normally measured?

A

Concentration (mg/l) or % saturation

36
Q

What adds DO to the river system?

A

Plants, animals, mainly planktons or fish

37
Q

What takes away DO from the river system?

A

Bacteria, dissolved organic matter

38
Q

What is the ecological significance of dissolved oxygen?

A

Species need oxygen to survive, when salmon lay eggs. They do so in a way that most oxygenated water passes over the egg

39
Q

What species are adapted to deal with low oxygen?

A

Insects, caddisfly, worms ect

40
Q

What affect does pollution have on oxygen?

A

Changes it’s content, normally decreases it leaving areas of poor oxygen quality and amount

41
Q

What happens to animals downstream of pollution?

A

Different specs live and inhabit downstream of the pipe, think succession, better tolerators like closer to the pipe

42
Q

How else can oxygen get into the water?

A

Turbulence mixing with air

43
Q

What will a large object score with a Reynolds number?

A

Over 10

44
Q

What will a small bacterium score on the Reynolds scale?

A

Less that 0.1

45
Q

How do you work out Reynolds number?

A

Density x velocity x length divided by viscosity

46
Q

What is a multivoltine animal?

A

It has multiple generations

47
Q

Why is river accessibility important to salmon?

A

They move up and down to river so need access all along

48
Q

Name two rivers to experience river temperature change recently?

A

Trent colder, Mississippi warmer

49
Q

Why are riparian vegetation important on rivers?

A

It regulates river temperature

50
Q

What happens with temperature with an open plains environment?

A

Warmer in summer, cooler in winter

51
Q

What is more temporally variable a small or large river?

A

Small

52
Q

Which rivers are more variable in a day?

A

Wide and shallow rivers

53
Q

What relationship does DO have with water temp?

A

Inverse, as it gets warmer there is less oxygen

54
Q

What does DO sat compensate for?

A

Temperature and altitude

55
Q

What stage of the river does clean water animals inhabit after pollution?

A

D

56
Q

Which stage of river pollution does sewage fungus flourish?

A

C

57
Q

What is common at stage B in river pollution?

A

Amonium

58
Q

What does carbon dioxide and water equal?

A

Carbonic acid

59
Q

What is the pH of rainwater?

A

5.64

60
Q

What is the avatar pH of river water?

A

4.5

61
Q

What is common in rivers of higher temperatures?

A

Polar compounds, carbonic acid amino acids, carboxylic acids

62
Q

What is less common in warm rivers?

A

Covalent compounds, fats and oxygen

63
Q

What is buffering capacity?

A

Buffering from natural carbonates and bicarbinates, below 120 macroequivelemt there is no capacity and the pH will decrease

64
Q

What are the main 2 nutrients essential to plant growth?

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

65
Q

What is the name for he diatom that is used for silica?

A

Frustule

66
Q

What sediments store phosphorous?

A

Detritus and lake sediment storage

67
Q

What is the ratio normally used between phosperous and nitrogen?

A

16:1

68
Q

When is nitrogen considered to be limiting?

A

<16:1

69
Q

What causes detrimental rapid plant growth?

A

Pollution causing higher phosphorous

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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