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Year 2 Environmental > 6. CAP > Flashcards

6. CAP Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cap

A

Common agricultural policy

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2
Q

Who created the cap?

A

The EU

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3
Q

What % of land in the Uk is agricultural

A

71%

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4
Q

What is the role of cap?

A

Provides payments to farmers

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5
Q

What are Agri environment schemes?

A

Like cap but aimed money to boost the environment

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6
Q

How long has AES existed for?

A

Since the mid 80’s

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7
Q

What are the AES mostly aimed at?

A

Farmers but also suitable to others areas of land

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8
Q

How long are the usual agreements AES

A

5-10 years

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9
Q

Where does most of the funding come from?

A

Uk and Eu

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10
Q

Who delivers AES to the UK

A

Defra

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11
Q

In 2016 payments to farmers under AES were how much?

A

434 million

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12
Q

How many AES agreements are there?

A

53,100

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13
Q

How much of the land in the uk is used by AES

A

39%, 6.8million

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14
Q

What are the main AES aims?

A

Conserve wildlife (biodiversity), maintain and enhance landscape quality and character, protect the historic environment, manage natural risks, conserve genetic diversity

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15
Q

What was one of the main founding features of the treaty of Rome 1957

A

Common agricultural policy

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16
Q

What was one of the main aims of the Cap?

A

Increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring a fair standard of living and creasing earning for agricultural workers, stabilising markets, ensuring a resonable price for consumers

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17
Q

What was a big influencer of CAP?

A

Wartime shortages, food security high on agenda

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18
Q

What was the philosophy of the common agricultural policy?

A

Productivism

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19
Q

What financial support did the CAP bring?

A

Guaranteed prices, production linked subsidies, import tariffs

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20
Q

Which country has been a thorn in the side of cap?

A

Uk

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21
Q

What has added to the CAP in the coming years

A

Mechanisation, eg moving from hay to silage

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22
Q

What is silage?

A

Pickled grass

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23
Q

What does mechanism help to create?

A

Farm size, specialisation while bringing labour down

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24
Q

What were the farming perspectives in the 60’s-70

A

An heroic activity, committed to the laudable aim of providing the nations needs

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25
Q

What is silage also good for?

A

More nutritious for the animals

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26
Q

What does this added nutrition due to the animals

A

More live stock? Tragedy of the commons

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27
Q

What does the ability to cut the grass more do to the environment

A

More off cuts to the rivers and streams, more run offs

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28
Q

When was the control of pollution act?

A

1974, relative to other industries farming went unregulated so long as it conferted with the concept of good agricultural practise

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29
Q

What was the issue with CAP after the 70’s

A

Over production

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30
Q

What is the environmental effect of CAP?

A

Environmental degradation.

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31
Q

What are hay meadows good for?

A

Wildlife

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32
Q

How do people contain the silage?

A

In plastic

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33
Q

Why was farming seen as being soo good after the war?

A

Heroic as feeding the nation, fighting for the nation at land

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34
Q

What over production issues have been created?

A

Huge grain, over supply of food

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35
Q

When were the main years of environmental degregation?

A

70’s-80’s

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36
Q

Why were the issues in the 70-80 more noticeable,

A

More public concern

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37
Q

What are a lot of impacts from farming?

A

Diffuse

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38
Q

What damage to rivers are there due to fame pollution?

A

Otters and water voles, huge nitrate pollution

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39
Q

What are the nitrate concentrations in the Thames after cap?

A

Massive increase in nitrate

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40
Q

How does eutrophication take place in water?

A

Nutrient load up, plants flourish, algae blooms oxygen is depleated, decomposition further depleates oxygen, death of ecosystems

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41
Q

What is the problem with algal bloom?

A

It covers the top of the water stopping plants from growing under the water

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42
Q

Where has hedgerow declined

A

Scotland

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43
Q

How much hedge row was lost in Scotland between 1947 1988

A

21,000km

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44
Q

What does the decrease of hedgerow lead to?

A

Decline in farmland birds

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45
Q

Between 1974 and 1999 what was the decline in skylark numbers

A

54%

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46
Q

How far is the yellow lark down?

A

76%

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47
Q

What are the international pressure of the cap?

A

Tarrifs disadvantage producers in other counties

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48
Q

What did the world trade organisation view the cap as?

A

Distorting and bad for world trade

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49
Q

By the mid 1980s what were the views on farmers

A

Altered notions of goodness, not as heroic as before

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50
Q

Why is there a poorer view of farmers now?

A

Lack of public sympathy, demands for greater regulation, questioning legitimacy, growing environmental movement, decreasing strength of the farm lobby

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51
Q

What did the AES aim to do?

A

Instroduce social national schemes to help the environment

52
Q

Who was the leading advocate of AES

A

The UK

53
Q

When was the environmentally sensitive areas scheme introduced?

A

1987

54
Q

How much area of land in the UK is taken up with ESA schemes

A

1.1million ha

55
Q

What is article 19 of council regulation 797/85

A

AES

56
Q

What do people is ESA get?

A

Annual payment per ha under agreement

57
Q

What happens in the esa areas?

A

Reduction of fertiliser and stocking densities prohibition of pesticides and herbicides

58
Q

What was introduced to cover the areas outside of the ESA?

A

Countryside stewardship scheme, introduced in 1991

59
Q

How many CSS cases where there in 2000?

A

10,000

60
Q

How many years are the CSS schemes

A

10year

61
Q

What does css pay

A

Direct subsides to farmers

62
Q

What are the reforms called in 1992?

A

Macsharry reforms

63
Q

What did the 1992 reforms do?

A

Paradigm shift in agricultural support

64
Q

What was the move in the 1992 towards?

A

Fewer markets

65
Q

What are pillar 1 CAP

A

Direct payments, export subsidy, eu funding

66
Q

What is Pillar 2

A

Rural development, LFAs agri envriojment co funded by national gvt

67
Q

What happened in the CaP reforms in 1992-2013

A

Introduced single farm payment moved toward decoupling, producer rather than production support, gradual modulation of funds from pillar 1 to pillar 2, UK undertook additional voluntary modulation

68
Q

What payments do the CAP reforms move to?

A

Move to flat rate payment per hectare for all land irrespective of production livestock headache, payment differs to the quality of the land

69
Q

What are the payments dependent on in Cap?

A

Cross compliance good agricultural and environmental condition, statutory management requirements

70
Q

What happened with the difference between the single and total payment models?

A

Relatively similar

71
Q

What happened to the new payments

A

Different levels of payment for each farmer

72
Q

What are open level stewardship schemes

A

Open to all farmers, based on point score achieve 30 points per hectare

73
Q

How much does the entry level stewardship give?

A

£60ha organic version

74
Q

How long do the entry levels schemes last for

A

5 years

75
Q

How do you apply for entry level stewardship

A

Simple to apply for online

76
Q

What is higher level stewardship

A

Targeted to specific areas and farms, ten year agreements, level of payment depends upon precise options chosen

77
Q

What is more complex with higher level stewardship

A

Require assistance and close liaison with natural England

78
Q

When was the latest CAP reform?

A

2014-20

79
Q

What happened in the newest Cap reform 2014-20

A

Further greeting of pillar 1 direct payments 30% of payment, crop diversification, ecological focus area on at least 5% of arable land, permanent pasture cannot plough up without permission

80
Q

What is the second main move to the 14-20 cap reform

A

Moving money uphil, increasing Payments to up hill farmers

81
Q

What support also came in the latest CAP reform?

A

Young farmers

82
Q

What is a Ecological focus area?

A

Only required on farms with >15ha, now 5% of farm, farms with permanent crops grasslands or pastures do not need EFA’s

83
Q

Why is fallow land?

A

Land that has been left to nature?

84
Q

How must something qualify as fallow land

A

Must be left from 1 January to 30 June

85
Q

To count as an EFa what must catch and cover crops adhere to?

A

Catch must be established by 31st August and retained until 1st Oct and cover must be established 1st Oct and retained until 15th if jan

86
Q

When did the country side stewardship scheme start?

A

2016

87
Q

What does the country side stewardship scheme aim to do?

A

Higher tier specific agreements like HLS, capital grants, all funding competitively allocated, application widows

88
Q

What is the first stage of getting country side stewardship schemes?

A

Check local priorities

89
Q

What is the second stage of country side stewardship scheme

A

Seek advice, guidance, attend local clinic, natural England, landlord, local planning authority national park authority, catchment sensitive farming officers, historic England, environment agency

90
Q

What is the third part of countryside stewardship

A

Prepare farm environmental record

91
Q

What is the 4th part of country stewards

A

Choose management options and capital items

92
Q

What are buffet strips

A

12m to 24m

93
Q

How much money do people get for buffet strips

A

£512

94
Q

How much for a livestock trough

A

£110

95
Q

How much money for archaeological features

A

£425ha

96
Q

What is the 5 stage of country level stewardship

A

Complete application and options map

97
Q

How do you get on higher level countryside stewardship?

A

Invitation, for most environmentally sensitive sites, more complex agreements, liaison and agreement with natural England

98
Q

What were the benefits to ELS

A

Relatively easy to implement and administer, brings large area of the farmed area under some form of agri environment scheme, it’s achieved at least some demonstrable environmental improvements

99
Q

What are the disadvantages to ELS

A

Does not provide for co ordination at the greater than farm scale, linked to management actions rather than discern-able outcomes, 30 point cap limits performance

100
Q

What is the crowding out theory?

A

Paying farmers for provision of public goods might decrease the supply of public goods

101
Q

By 2007 how much of England was in the Aes

A

4.4million ha

102
Q

What percentage of the aes used boundary options?

A

34%

103
Q

What leads to a successful AES?

A

Schemes are taken up which potentially improve the environment with benefits beyond what that farm was normally achieving (hodge)

104
Q

What allowed member states to provide funding for schemes which contributed towards the use f agricultural production

A

European structure regulation 797/85

105
Q

What shift has there been with environmental policy?

A

Move from trying to mitigate problems to making the environment actually better

106
Q

What are organic farmers entitled to?

A

Organic Entry Level Schemes, only 6% of area relative to ELS

107
Q

What is the ELS aim in terms of envionrment and production

A

Reduce intensity of production to increase environment quality

108
Q

What has made areas of the landscape such as hedge row redundant?

A

Technical and structural changes to the environment, little encentive to maintain them

109
Q

What are most environment schemes based on according to hodge?

A

Old world assumption that in her real environment quality is enhanced by moderate intensities of agricultural production

110
Q

Where did most of the points awarded in the ELS come from?

A

Permanent Grasslands (15million points)

111
Q

In ELS how is the majority of land taken out of production

A

6m buffet strips

112
Q

How are ELS options chosen

A

Agricultural context

113
Q

What can crowding out be described as?

A

Reduction of willingness to engage in environmentally fiendly actions due to being paid to do so

114
Q

What are the 3 main discourses to CAP

A

Productivst multi functional and neo liberal

115
Q

What is productivism?

A

Measurable productivity and growth are the purpose of human organisation

116
Q

How much of the EU budget in 2014 was spent on Cap?

A

40%

117
Q

What drives agricultural development in Europe?

A

Expansion of the u and its markets

118
Q

What reduction of grasslands per year is the CAP aiming to meet 5%

A

Still destroying habitat Pe’er 2014

119
Q

What area for countryside stewardship is 155

A

Carnmenellis

120
Q

Why are the top priorities in carnmenellis

A

Biodiversity, water, historic environment, woodland priorities

121
Q

What is a priority species in carnmenellis

A

Lesser horseshoe bay

122
Q

What regulator put pressure on CAP

A

GATT

123
Q

What is the problem with CAP and its spill over to land owners

A

some land owners can profit

124
Q

When did ES take over from AES

A

2002

125
Q

How much of the UK’s Utilisable agricultural area did the UK aim to bring under ES by 2010

A

70%

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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