6. CAP Flashcards
What is Cap
Common agricultural policy
Who created the cap?
The EU
What % of land in the Uk is agricultural
71%
What is the role of cap?
Provides payments to farmers
What are Agri environment schemes?
Like cap but aimed money to boost the environment
How long has AES existed for?
Since the mid 80’s
What are the AES mostly aimed at?
Farmers but also suitable to others areas of land
How long are the usual agreements AES
5-10 years
Where does most of the funding come from?
Uk and Eu
Who delivers AES to the UK
Defra
In 2016 payments to farmers under AES were how much?
434 million
How many AES agreements are there?
53,100
How much of the land in the uk is used by AES
39%, 6.8million
What are the main AES aims?
Conserve wildlife (biodiversity), maintain and enhance landscape quality and character, protect the historic environment, manage natural risks, conserve genetic diversity
What was one of the main founding features of the treaty of Rome 1957
Common agricultural policy
What was one of the main aims of the Cap?
Increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring a fair standard of living and creasing earning for agricultural workers, stabilising markets, ensuring a resonable price for consumers
What was a big influencer of CAP?
Wartime shortages, food security high on agenda
What was the philosophy of the common agricultural policy?
Productivism
What financial support did the CAP bring?
Guaranteed prices, production linked subsidies, import tariffs
Which country has been a thorn in the side of cap?
Uk
What has added to the CAP in the coming years
Mechanisation, eg moving from hay to silage
What is silage?
Pickled grass
What does mechanism help to create?
Farm size, specialisation while bringing labour down
What were the farming perspectives in the 60’s-70
An heroic activity, committed to the laudable aim of providing the nations needs
What is silage also good for?
More nutritious for the animals
What does this added nutrition due to the animals
More live stock? Tragedy of the commons
What does the ability to cut the grass more do to the environment
More off cuts to the rivers and streams, more run offs
When was the control of pollution act?
1974, relative to other industries farming went unregulated so long as it conferted with the concept of good agricultural practise
What was the issue with CAP after the 70’s
Over production
What is the environmental effect of CAP?
Environmental degradation.
What are hay meadows good for?
Wildlife
How do people contain the silage?
In plastic
Why was farming seen as being soo good after the war?
Heroic as feeding the nation, fighting for the nation at land
What over production issues have been created?
Huge grain, over supply of food
When were the main years of environmental degregation?
70’s-80’s
Why were the issues in the 70-80 more noticeable,
More public concern
What are a lot of impacts from farming?
Diffuse
What damage to rivers are there due to fame pollution?
Otters and water voles, huge nitrate pollution
What are the nitrate concentrations in the Thames after cap?
Massive increase in nitrate
How does eutrophication take place in water?
Nutrient load up, plants flourish, algae blooms oxygen is depleated, decomposition further depleates oxygen, death of ecosystems
What is the problem with algal bloom?
It covers the top of the water stopping plants from growing under the water
Where has hedgerow declined
Scotland
How much hedge row was lost in Scotland between 1947 1988
21,000km
What does the decrease of hedgerow lead to?
Decline in farmland birds
Between 1974 and 1999 what was the decline in skylark numbers
54%
How far is the yellow lark down?
76%
What are the international pressure of the cap?
Tarrifs disadvantage producers in other counties
What did the world trade organisation view the cap as?
Distorting and bad for world trade
By the mid 1980s what were the views on farmers
Altered notions of goodness, not as heroic as before
Why is there a poorer view of farmers now?
Lack of public sympathy, demands for greater regulation, questioning legitimacy, growing environmental movement, decreasing strength of the farm lobby
What did the AES aim to do?
Instroduce social national schemes to help the environment
Who was the leading advocate of AES
The UK
When was the environmentally sensitive areas scheme introduced?
1987
How much area of land in the UK is taken up with ESA schemes
1.1million ha
What is article 19 of council regulation 797/85
AES
What do people is ESA get?
Annual payment per ha under agreement
What happens in the esa areas?
Reduction of fertiliser and stocking densities prohibition of pesticides and herbicides
What was introduced to cover the areas outside of the ESA?
Countryside stewardship scheme, introduced in 1991
How many CSS cases where there in 2000?
10,000
How many years are the CSS schemes
10year
What does css pay
Direct subsides to farmers
What are the reforms called in 1992?
Macsharry reforms
What did the 1992 reforms do?
Paradigm shift in agricultural support
What was the move in the 1992 towards?
Fewer markets
What are pillar 1 CAP
Direct payments, export subsidy, eu funding
What is Pillar 2
Rural development, LFAs agri envriojment co funded by national gvt
What happened in the CaP reforms in 1992-2013
Introduced single farm payment moved toward decoupling, producer rather than production support, gradual modulation of funds from pillar 1 to pillar 2, UK undertook additional voluntary modulation
What payments do the CAP reforms move to?
Move to flat rate payment per hectare for all land irrespective of production livestock headache, payment differs to the quality of the land
What are the payments dependent on in Cap?
Cross compliance good agricultural and environmental condition, statutory management requirements
What happened with the difference between the single and total payment models?
Relatively similar
What happened to the new payments
Different levels of payment for each farmer
What are open level stewardship schemes
Open to all farmers, based on point score achieve 30 points per hectare
How much does the entry level stewardship give?
£60ha organic version
How long do the entry levels schemes last for
5 years
How do you apply for entry level stewardship
Simple to apply for online
What is higher level stewardship
Targeted to specific areas and farms, ten year agreements, level of payment depends upon precise options chosen
What is more complex with higher level stewardship
Require assistance and close liaison with natural England
When was the latest CAP reform?
2014-20
What happened in the newest Cap reform 2014-20
Further greeting of pillar 1 direct payments 30% of payment, crop diversification, ecological focus area on at least 5% of arable land, permanent pasture cannot plough up without permission
What is the second main move to the 14-20 cap reform
Moving money uphil, increasing Payments to up hill farmers
What support also came in the latest CAP reform?
Young farmers
What is a Ecological focus area?
Only required on farms with >15ha, now 5% of farm, farms with permanent crops grasslands or pastures do not need EFA’s
Why is fallow land?
Land that has been left to nature?
How must something qualify as fallow land
Must be left from 1 January to 30 June
To count as an EFa what must catch and cover crops adhere to?
Catch must be established by 31st August and retained until 1st Oct and cover must be established 1st Oct and retained until 15th if jan
When did the country side stewardship scheme start?
2016
What does the country side stewardship scheme aim to do?
Higher tier specific agreements like HLS, capital grants, all funding competitively allocated, application widows
What is the first stage of getting country side stewardship schemes?
Check local priorities
What is the second stage of country side stewardship scheme
Seek advice, guidance, attend local clinic, natural England, landlord, local planning authority national park authority, catchment sensitive farming officers, historic England, environment agency
What is the third part of countryside stewardship
Prepare farm environmental record
What is the 4th part of country stewards
Choose management options and capital items
What are buffet strips
12m to 24m
How much money do people get for buffet strips
£512
How much for a livestock trough
£110
How much money for archaeological features
£425ha
What is the 5 stage of country level stewardship
Complete application and options map
How do you get on higher level countryside stewardship?
Invitation, for most environmentally sensitive sites, more complex agreements, liaison and agreement with natural England
What were the benefits to ELS
Relatively easy to implement and administer, brings large area of the farmed area under some form of agri environment scheme, it’s achieved at least some demonstrable environmental improvements
What are the disadvantages to ELS
Does not provide for co ordination at the greater than farm scale, linked to management actions rather than discern-able outcomes, 30 point cap limits performance
What is the crowding out theory?
Paying farmers for provision of public goods might decrease the supply of public goods
By 2007 how much of England was in the Aes
4.4million ha
What percentage of the aes used boundary options?
34%
What leads to a successful AES?
Schemes are taken up which potentially improve the environment with benefits beyond what that farm was normally achieving (hodge)
What allowed member states to provide funding for schemes which contributed towards the use f agricultural production
European structure regulation 797/85
What shift has there been with environmental policy?
Move from trying to mitigate problems to making the environment actually better
What are organic farmers entitled to?
Organic Entry Level Schemes, only 6% of area relative to ELS
What is the ELS aim in terms of envionrment and production
Reduce intensity of production to increase environment quality
What has made areas of the landscape such as hedge row redundant?
Technical and structural changes to the environment, little encentive to maintain them
What are most environment schemes based on according to hodge?
Old world assumption that in her real environment quality is enhanced by moderate intensities of agricultural production
Where did most of the points awarded in the ELS come from?
Permanent Grasslands (15million points)
In ELS how is the majority of land taken out of production
6m buffet strips
How are ELS options chosen
Agricultural context
What can crowding out be described as?
Reduction of willingness to engage in environmentally fiendly actions due to being paid to do so
What are the 3 main discourses to CAP
Productivst multi functional and neo liberal
What is productivism?
Measurable productivity and growth are the purpose of human organisation
How much of the EU budget in 2014 was spent on Cap?
40%
What drives agricultural development in Europe?
Expansion of the u and its markets
What reduction of grasslands per year is the CAP aiming to meet 5%
Still destroying habitat Pe’er 2014
What area for countryside stewardship is 155
Carnmenellis
Why are the top priorities in carnmenellis
Biodiversity, water, historic environment, woodland priorities
What is a priority species in carnmenellis
Lesser horseshoe bay
What regulator put pressure on CAP
GATT
What is the problem with CAP and its spill over to land owners
some land owners can profit
When did ES take over from AES
2002
How much of the UK’s Utilisable agricultural area did the UK aim to bring under ES by 2010
70%
