12. Environmental Policies and Principles Flashcards
What is black letter laws?
Set down in writing
What is environmtal policy? McCormick
Public policy concerned with governing the relationship between people and the environment, normative function
What is norm setting?
Setting standards, improvement betterment or enhancement of previous standards
What is environmental policy? Roberts
Set of principles and intentions used to guide desicion making about human management
Give examples of international public enviropolicy?
Global Institutions, EU
Give and example of national public enviropolicy?
UK Government
How is power linked to policy?
Policy as government, stage centred account
15 years ago what was common in state policy making?
State was seen as in the driving seat, powers that the state had in finance
What is the common tradition with power?
More problamatised, rolling back of state authority in neoliberalism, over many environmental issues, power being spread in a more diffuse sense
What are the perculier charecteristics of environmented policy?
Contested notion, social construction, different views to different people, incertancy and indeterminacy (some processes that defy our understanding) trans boundary
What is irreversibility?
If we warm the climate it will not come back to the way it was before.
What is the linear model of the policy process?
Problem, Agenda settting, Consideration of policy options, adoptions of policy options, implementation, evaluation.
What is problematic with consideration and adoption of policy?
Its hard to see how it effects will work, lots of different views on the matter
How is policy conducted
AT the level of government
What are common policy inputs?
Demands, supports, rescources
Why is context important?
Shows how the environmental policy is framed
What effects the policy
, provailing ideologies, and complexion of the government
What is the longest set of data for environmental issues?
Rainfall data to the early 18th century
What is the problem with most current problems
Do not have many data for the important problems, have to guess and predict data
Why are economic circumstances important?
Can take forward sophisticated environmental policies
Why is the role of the public important?
Downs 1972, public engagement, public issues varies over time, issue attention cycle
What is the pre problem stage?
No awareness that there is an issue other than in small groups, would only change if the issue was brought to light
What happens in stage 3?
realisation of costs and challenges, diffuclty of situation, once we become aware enthusiasm drops
What is the post problem stage
level of public interest begins to dip but is higher than stage 1
Where does demand come from?
Various interest groups and mostly to public
What is the system of government in the UK
Bi cameral system
What role do the civil servants have?
IN charge of going over the policy, DEFRA
What is the term used for working together of the leglisature and the governmental
policy community
What is incrementalism
ad hoc policy making, civil servants attention is on that problem, work on it with the rescources they have available then move on to the next one
What is mixed scanning
both RCDM and incrementalism cometogether
What are laws described as?
The stick
What are economic instruments
The carrot
How else can policy makers make it easier for a person to take that action
subsidies or grants
What are policy outcomes?
The effects of the policy
Why do policies fall at the implemention stage
resistance by civil servants and burocrats, citizen resistance, inappropriate choice of instruments, other conflicting policies.
What is different at the global scale?
Not one singular governing body
What is the pre rider effect?
Why volunteer if its not in yourspecific interest, may not be better for others to do ot for you
why can treaty making take years?
many countries to negotiate with
What is the Ramsaar protection?
Protection around the protection of wetlands
What is the benefits of large policys
have huge benefits
What was the UNCED
Rio 1992, 172 nations, led by head of state, parallel process of interest groups
What are the 4 main initiatives with UNCED
agenda 21, management of the worlds forests, biodiversity convention, convention of climate change
What is the Eu’s environmental policy method
European council, commission, parliment, court of justice
When did the EU decide on making an environmental policy?
1973
What powers does parliement have
to accept, reject and debate policy
WHat can the court of justice do
impose fines on infingment, can fine £100,000’s a day, ensures laws fits with goals
How much of our legislation is from the eu?
80%
Give examples of private international and national policy context
Corporate, and environmental policy
What are private individual policy
Consumer
What is policy as governance
Much broader range of actors contribute policy making process distributed in policy networks
What are the linear roles of the policy process
Problem emergence, agenda setting, consideration of policy options, adoption of policy options, implementation, evaluation
In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 1
Pre problem
In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 2
Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm
In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 3
Realising the difficulty and cost of significant progress
In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 4
Gradual decline of public interest
In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 5
Post problem stage
What are 3 different types of deducing making?
Rational comprehensive desk on making, incrementalism, mixes scanning
What is the stick of policy?
Laws rules and regulations
What is the carrot of policy making?
Economic instruments
What is the persuasion of policy instruments
Voulentary behaviour
When is prominence highest in environmental concern,
just after discovery and enthusiasm, before the realisation of cost kicks in
Who are the interest group actors in the policy process
Media and interest groups
Which groups fall out of parliamentary representation and interest groups
Citizens and government
What groups fall inside parliament for policy?
Political parties, members of parliament constituency based, parliament (house of lords-commons)
What are policy outcomes?
Real world effects of government policy
What completes the policy cycle
The real world outcomes
Why might polices fail the implementation stage?
Resistance by civil servants citizens, inappropriate choice of instruments and other confusing policies
How does international policy becomes legally binding?
Once it’s ratified by signatory countries
What are the powers of the European council?
Sets the broad policy objectives
What is the role of the European Commission in policy
Generates draft, laws and policies
What are the main difficulties with European policy making
Number of issues, National issues often dominate, fragmentation and lack of coordination,
What are participatory approaches
Public and or stakeholders are brought together to participate more or less directly in the desicion making process
What is positive about participatory approaches (Rauchmayer)
Potential to lead to more effective governance
What do makes and hooghe call participatory governance
Type 2 governance
What is the assumption with governance participation
More participation equals better governance
How long has biodiversity been present in Eu policy?
1970’s
How does mckibben argue that we have altered nature
spring comes 10 days earlier, so we are sculpting the seasons them selves
How much of the worlds land area is covered by protected areas,
15%, E, Lee
