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Year 2 Environmental > 12. Environmental Policies and Principles > Flashcards

12. Environmental Policies and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is black letter laws?

A

Set down in writing

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2
Q

What is environmtal policy? McCormick

A

Public policy concerned with governing the relationship between people and the environment, normative function

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3
Q

What is norm setting?

A

Setting standards, improvement betterment or enhancement of previous standards

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4
Q

What is environmental policy? Roberts

A

Set of principles and intentions used to guide desicion making about human management

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5
Q

Give examples of international public enviropolicy?

A

Global Institutions, EU

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6
Q

Give and example of national public enviropolicy?

A

UK Government

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7
Q

How is power linked to policy?

A

Policy as government, stage centred account

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8
Q

15 years ago what was common in state policy making?

A

State was seen as in the driving seat, powers that the state had in finance

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9
Q

What is the common tradition with power?

A

More problamatised, rolling back of state authority in neoliberalism, over many environmental issues, power being spread in a more diffuse sense

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10
Q

What are the perculier charecteristics of environmented policy?

A

Contested notion, social construction, different views to different people, incertancy and indeterminacy (some processes that defy our understanding) trans boundary

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11
Q

What is irreversibility?

A

If we warm the climate it will not come back to the way it was before.

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12
Q

What is the linear model of the policy process?

A

Problem, Agenda settting, Consideration of policy options, adoptions of policy options, implementation, evaluation.

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13
Q

What is problematic with consideration and adoption of policy?

A

Its hard to see how it effects will work, lots of different views on the matter

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14
Q

How is policy conducted

A

AT the level of government

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15
Q

What are common policy inputs?

A

Demands, supports, rescources

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16
Q

Why is context important?

A

Shows how the environmental policy is framed

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17
Q

What effects the policy

A

, provailing ideologies, and complexion of the government

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18
Q

What is the longest set of data for environmental issues?

A

Rainfall data to the early 18th century

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19
Q

What is the problem with most current problems

A

Do not have many data for the important problems, have to guess and predict data

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20
Q

Why are economic circumstances important?

A

Can take forward sophisticated environmental policies

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21
Q

Why is the role of the public important?

A

Downs 1972, public engagement, public issues varies over time, issue attention cycle

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22
Q

What is the pre problem stage?

A

No awareness that there is an issue other than in small groups, would only change if the issue was brought to light

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23
Q

What happens in stage 3?

A

realisation of costs and challenges, diffuclty of situation, once we become aware enthusiasm drops

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24
Q

What is the post problem stage

A

level of public interest begins to dip but is higher than stage 1

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25
Q

Where does demand come from?

A

Various interest groups and mostly to public

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26
Q

What is the system of government in the UK

A

Bi cameral system

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27
Q

What role do the civil servants have?

A

IN charge of going over the policy, DEFRA

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28
Q

What is the term used for working together of the leglisature and the governmental

A

policy community

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29
Q

What is incrementalism

A

ad hoc policy making, civil servants attention is on that problem, work on it with the rescources they have available then move on to the next one

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30
Q

What is mixed scanning

A

both RCDM and incrementalism cometogether

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31
Q

What are laws described as?

A

The stick

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32
Q

What are economic instruments

A

The carrot

33
Q

How else can policy makers make it easier for a person to take that action

A

subsidies or grants

34
Q

What are policy outcomes?

A

The effects of the policy

35
Q

Why do policies fall at the implemention stage

A

resistance by civil servants and burocrats, citizen resistance, inappropriate choice of instruments, other conflicting policies.

36
Q

What is different at the global scale?

A

Not one singular governing body

37
Q

What is the pre rider effect?

A

Why volunteer if its not in yourspecific interest, may not be better for others to do ot for you

38
Q

why can treaty making take years?

A

many countries to negotiate with

39
Q

What is the Ramsaar protection?

A

Protection around the protection of wetlands

40
Q

What is the benefits of large policys

A

have huge benefits

41
Q

What was the UNCED

A

Rio 1992, 172 nations, led by head of state, parallel process of interest groups

42
Q

What are the 4 main initiatives with UNCED

A

agenda 21, management of the worlds forests, biodiversity convention, convention of climate change

43
Q

What is the Eu’s environmental policy method

A

European council, commission, parliment, court of justice

44
Q

When did the EU decide on making an environmental policy?

A

1973

45
Q

What powers does parliement have

A

to accept, reject and debate policy

46
Q

WHat can the court of justice do

A

impose fines on infingment, can fine £100,000’s a day, ensures laws fits with goals

47
Q

How much of our legislation is from the eu?

A

80%

48
Q

Give examples of private international and national policy context

A

Corporate, and environmental policy

49
Q

What are private individual policy

A

Consumer

50
Q

What is policy as governance

A

Much broader range of actors contribute policy making process distributed in policy networks

51
Q

What are the linear roles of the policy process

A

Problem emergence, agenda setting, consideration of policy options, adoption of policy options, implementation, evaluation

52
Q

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 1

A

Pre problem

53
Q

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 2

A

Alarmed discovery and euphoric enthusiasm

54
Q

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 3

A

Realising the difficulty and cost of significant progress

55
Q

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 4

A

Gradual decline of public interest

56
Q

In downs issue attention cycle what is stage 5

A

Post problem stage

57
Q

What are 3 different types of deducing making?

A

Rational comprehensive desk on making, incrementalism, mixes scanning

58
Q

What is the stick of policy?

A

Laws rules and regulations

59
Q

What is the carrot of policy making?

A

Economic instruments

60
Q

What is the persuasion of policy instruments

A

Voulentary behaviour

61
Q

When is prominence highest in environmental concern,

A

just after discovery and enthusiasm, before the realisation of cost kicks in

62
Q

Who are the interest group actors in the policy process

A

Media and interest groups

63
Q

Which groups fall out of parliamentary representation and interest groups

A

Citizens and government

64
Q

What groups fall inside parliament for policy?

A

Political parties, members of parliament constituency based, parliament (house of lords-commons)

65
Q

What are policy outcomes?

A

Real world effects of government policy

66
Q

What completes the policy cycle

A

The real world outcomes

67
Q

Why might polices fail the implementation stage?

A

Resistance by civil servants citizens, inappropriate choice of instruments and other confusing policies

68
Q

How does international policy becomes legally binding?

A

Once it’s ratified by signatory countries

69
Q

What are the powers of the European council?

A

Sets the broad policy objectives

70
Q

What is the role of the European Commission in policy

A

Generates draft, laws and policies

71
Q

What are the main difficulties with European policy making

A

Number of issues, National issues often dominate, fragmentation and lack of coordination,

72
Q

What are participatory approaches

A

Public and or stakeholders are brought together to participate more or less directly in the desicion making process

73
Q

What is positive about participatory approaches (Rauchmayer)

A

Potential to lead to more effective governance

74
Q

What do makes and hooghe call participatory governance

A

Type 2 governance

75
Q

What is the assumption with governance participation

A

More participation equals better governance

76
Q

How long has biodiversity been present in Eu policy?

A

1970’s

77
Q

How does mckibben argue that we have altered nature

A

spring comes 10 days earlier, so we are sculpting the seasons them selves

78
Q

How much of the worlds land area is covered by protected areas,

A

15%, E, Lee

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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