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Year 2 Environmental > 8. Neoliberal Environments > Flashcards

8. Neoliberal Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What are the positives to putting a value on nature?

A

Because it’s value has previously not been accounted for in desicionmaking

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2
Q

What are the bad things to putting a price to nature

A

Further endorsed the cause of environmental problems

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3
Q

What is neoliberalism

A

An economic and political philosophy that questions government interventions in the market and people relationships to the economy

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4
Q

When did neoliberalism emerge

A

1970’s

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of neoliberalism

A

Privatisation, marketisation, state roll back or de regulation, creation of self sufficient communities

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6
Q

What is neoliberalism seen as?

A

Not just a set of mechanisms but a political philosophy

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7
Q

What did Margaret Thatcher say about society

A

There is no just thing as society

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8
Q

What is commodification

A

The process which previously circulated outside monetary exchange is brought into the market

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9
Q

Who said nature was a fictitious commodity

A

Polanyi

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10
Q

What else is commodified?

A

The concept of nature itself

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11
Q

What is typically the situation where nature gets commodified?

A

Associated with expanding circuits of capitalism and economic growth

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12
Q

What is commondificarion if nature now used as?

A

A way to primate to environment

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13
Q

In environmental economics what causes environmental problems

A

Market failure

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14
Q

What is commodification if nature

A

Putting a pice on it

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15
Q

Who are the two big pushers of neoliberalism

A

Thatcher and Reagan

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16
Q

Why are environmental goods and bags not normally factored into deduction making

A

Not priced, some feel there is little need

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17
Q

How do economic environmentalists think of fixing market failures

A

Internalising externalities using economic instruments

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18
Q

What are economic instruments to environmental policy

A

Green taxes, subsidies, cap and trade, extended producer, responsibility, eco labelling, off sets

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19
Q

What are the benefits to neoliberalist environmental economics

A

Doesn’t impose punitive restrictions personal freedoms, more efficient environmental improvements are made where it is most cost effective to do so, those responsible payed the price

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20
Q

What are the challenge with environmental economics

A

It doesn’t work with the current system but extends that system, thatcher-there is no alternative, normalises and naturalises the idea of markets as a solution,

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21
Q

Who starts to champion neoliberal markets,

A

Environmentalists who were formally against it were now its champions

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22
Q

What fundamentally is market environmentalism

A

Anthropocentric

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23
Q

What are ecosystem services

A

The benefits people obtain from ecosystems

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24
Q

How does Fischer describe ecosystem services?

A

The aspects of eco systems utilise to produce human well being

25
Q

When was the millennium ecosystem assessment

A

2005

26
Q

How many scientists make up MEA

A

1300

27
Q

How many of the ES investigated are at a state of decline

A

15 out of 24

28
Q

What are the provisioning services of AES

A

Food, fresh water, wood and fuel

29
Q

What are cultural Es services

A

Aesthetic, spiritual, educational, recreational

30
Q

What are regulatory ES

A

Climate regulation, flood regulation, disease regulation, water purification

31
Q

What are ES supporting services

A

Nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production

32
Q

What is the definition of a service?

A

A system supplying public need such as transport communications or untilities such as electricity and water

33
Q

What can moorland be used for?

A

Grazing, walking, bringing up young, poor cultivation

34
Q

Why pay for ES

A

More efficient than command and control, ecosystem deterioration is caused by market failure

35
Q

What the costs to downstream populations from conservation to pasture

A

Reduced water services, loss of biodiversity, carbon emissions

36
Q

What is Teeb

A

Global initiative focussed on drawing attention to economic benefits of biodiversity

37
Q

What is the white paper?

A

Released by government to assess environmental outcomes

38
Q

Who is chair of the Ecosystem markets task force

A

Ian Cheshire

39
Q

What is eco labelling?

A

Labelling products that are eco oriented to encourage consumers to buy them

40
Q

What are public payment schemes?

A

Government decides on priorities for conservation and implements targeted payment schemes

41
Q

Where can you buy bottled air?

A

Japan

42
Q

What does Charing for once free products do

A

Makes people more resourceful

43
Q

Give an example of how money is made from conserving the environment

A

Wetlands banking

44
Q

What did Vittel do so in could keep selling water,

A

Brand name could not be used if nitrate content was above 4.5mg so payed farmers to change management teqnuqies

45
Q

How did the farmers around vittel have power?

A

All of them had to agree so there was a

monopoly of power

46
Q

How much compensation did each farmer get?

A

18-30 year contracts up to 150,000 for each farm

47
Q

Give an example of where the government pays to help conserve national parks

A

Richtersveld, was leased from local communities by the government. In other words, the government paid the park’s neighbors to help deliver conservation outcomes

48
Q

What is the argument against Richtersveld national park (ferraro)

A

We should not commodify nature. We should not pay people to do what they ought to be doing anyway. Cash payments will ruin the economies and social fabric of poor rural communities

49
Q

What is an argument for paying for an ecosystem as suggested by Ferraro

A

I have food because I pay someone to supply it. Why not pay someone to supply ecosystem services and biodiversity?

50
Q

In richtersveld what are some of the advantages to PES (Ferraro)

A

(PES) are easily scalable and clearly link conservation investments to conservation objectives. Like alternative livelihood interventions, PES programs materially reward rural households, thereby potentially alleviating poverty and reducing conflict between conservationists and rural communities

51
Q

Between 1996-8 how many publications on google scholar used the temrs PES

A

less than 24, 2006-2008 over 2 thousand

52
Q

Why did policy makers see PES as win win?

A

Win for the environment and for people (muradian 2013)

53
Q

What was the first PES to be rolled out on a national scale

A

Pagos por servicios ambientales (PSA) costa rica

54
Q

What is the problem with adverse self selection with PES

A

PES programs are voluntary. Thus the enrolled resources tend to be those with the lowest values in alternative uses,hus, without a careful focus on enrolling ecosystems threatened with exploitation, PES programs may generate little or no additional ecosystem services beyond what would have been provided without PES.

55
Q

What is the problem with poor targeting with PES

A

PES programs distribute money and other material benefits. Thus, in addition to conservation objectives, they often have political or social objectives, which may direct payments to households (Alix garcia, Wolf)

56
Q

what is substituion with PES

A

When participants enroll in a PES program, they likely will reallocate their labor and capital, including lands and resources not enrolled in PES, in ways to make themselves better off

57
Q

WHat is non compliance with PES

A

In principle, PES are conditional: no conservation, no payment. In practice, however, monitoring and enforcing compliance can be expensive, both financially and politically.

58
Q

What is the problem with paying for the wrong outcomes with PES

A

In principle, payments can be tied directly to ecosystem service provision. In practice, however, tying them to actions rather than services can yield better economic outcomes and reduce monitoring costs

59
Q

What are the 2 statements that so far do not rule out PES

A

No empirical study has yet found that PES increased environmental damage.

• No empirical study has yet found that PES decreased human welfare or increased social conflict.

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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