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Year 2 Environmental > 1. Environmentalism > Flashcards

1. Environmentalism Flashcards

1
Q

When did environmental geography come to exist?

A

After the 1970’s

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2
Q

What does environmental assessment and management involve?

A

Not just the environment but human interaction with it

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3
Q

What is conflict of interest?

A

People have different views on what is right

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4
Q

What is conflict of value?

A

People have different on what something means or it’s value

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5
Q

What is environmentalism?

A

Social and political movement aimed at improving the relationship between humans and their natural environment

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6
Q

Why did environmentalism evolve?

A

People started to like and enjoy the environment such as wales

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7
Q

Which writers helped improve the relationship to the country side?

A

Wordsworth, Lord Byron and Coleridge

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8
Q

What are transcendentalists?

A

Believe that humans and nature share a divine spirit

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9
Q

What are the reasons for the emergence of environmentalism?

A

Global scale, Pace of change, persistence Thresholds, uncertainty

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10
Q

Why was the movement called where people liked nature more

A

The romantic period

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11
Q

What were the views of the romantic era?

A

Feeling rather than form, free expression passion and individuality

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12
Q

Name a 19th c transcendentalist?

A

Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson

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13
Q

What was the first environmental club?

A

The Sierra club

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14
Q

Who founded the sierra club?

A

John Muir

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15
Q

Who did John Muir have influence over?

A

Theodore Roosevelt

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16
Q

Who wrote the book silent spring in 1962?

A

Rachel Carson

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17
Q

What was Silent spring critical of?

A

Industry, tried to ban DDT

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18
Q

Who came up with tragedy of the commons?

A

Garret Hardin

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19
Q

What environmental event took place in 1970?

A

Earth day, 22 million people across the US

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20
Q

When did greenpeace from?

A

1971

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21
Q

What model backed the idea of environmentalism?

A

Limits to growth

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22
Q

What did limits to growth show?

A

Infinite growth is impossible, other wise disastrous consequences

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23
Q

What is Deep Ecology?

A

The value of non human life forms is independent of the usefulness to humans

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24
Q

Who created Deep Ecology?

A

Arne Naess

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25
Q

What is the Gaia hypothesis

A

Presence of life determines physical and chemical condition of earth

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26
Q

Who came up with the Gaia hypothesis

A

James lovelock

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27
Q

What is an example of peaceful direct action?

A

Green Peace

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28
Q

Name and example of a re-organisation of society?

A

Communes

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29
Q

What is a stereotype of environmentalists?

A

White middle class, educated

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30
Q

What do the government release that informs people of environmental procedures?

A

That White Paper

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31
Q

Which country has seen the most deforestation in recent years?

A

Honduras

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32
Q

What was the wilderness often described as before romanticism?

A

Wet, soggy, damp, for the poor, not for the rich, under developed

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33
Q

What effect did romanticism have on people’s feeling on the environment?

A

Felling rather than form

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34
Q

How area the outside and natural areas often described today?

A

The great outdoors, majestic, beautiful

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35
Q

Why do different countries have different views on nature?

A

Their social construction, Greeks don’t like mountains as they get in the way

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36
Q

Who said man and nature or physically geography shaped by human action?

A

George Perkins Marsh

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37
Q

What was the first national park?

A

Yellow stone, Wyoming

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38
Q

What did the protest culture create in the Uk?

A

Hippie and environmentalists

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39
Q

When were CFC’s banned?

A

Montreal convention, 1987

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40
Q

When was the first Earth day?

A

1970

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41
Q

When were friends of the earth formed?

A

1969

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42
Q

How many people demonstrated at first earth day ?

A

22 million

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43
Q

When was limits of growth created by the club of Rome?

A

1972

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44
Q

What are humans part of in terms of environmentalism?

A

The earths organic system

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45
Q

What helped the movement of romanticism in the uk?

A

Endorsed by celebrities

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46
Q

What phenenom made people want to move to the country side?

A

Industrialisation

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47
Q

What helped to back up the teachings of the club of Rome?

A

Computer generated models

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48
Q

As of 2018, what is the most recent animal to go extinct?

A

Christmas Island Skink

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49
Q

What did the introduction of environmental romantasicm do in the uk?

A

Increase environmental thoughts in the working class

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50
Q

When was the yellow stone national park formed?

A

1872

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51
Q

When was the Gaia hypothesis?

A

1979

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52
Q

What is different about environmentalism since the 1960’s

A

Much more accepted as a problem

53
Q

When were the periods of London smog?

A

17th century

54
Q

What did John Evelyn day bout the London smog?

A

London resembles mount etna or the suburbs of hell rather than an assembley of rational creatures

55
Q

What was the view of technology after the Romaric period?

A

Nature=good

Technology=bad

56
Q

What did Thoreau day about nature?

A

The natural world shared a belief and divine spirit humanity, inspiration and solitude

57
Q

Where did Thoreau go to live at the end of his life?

A

Lived in a cabin alone in Walden pond

58
Q

What did Thoreau day about his relation ship with money and the environment?

A

Give me poverty that enjoys true wealth

59
Q

How did romantics affect the view of environment?

A

We convinced it in a new light, a way to escape the city and trouble of urban life

60
Q

Who was the US’s first environmentalist?

A

George Perkins Marsh

61
Q

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A

People using common land, exploit this land for more money, the land cannot toe the pressure and now there is no profitable land left

62
Q

What did meadows say about exploitation?

A

Every day of exploitation brings world systems to the ultimate limits of growth, a decision to do nothing will result in a collapse

63
Q

What is the first rule of deep ecology?

A

Human and non human life has inherent value, the value of nature is independent of human need

64
Q

What is the third rule of deep ecology?

A

Humans have no right to refuse this diversity

65
Q

Name an extreme movement that seeks to stop human destruction of the planet?

A

Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

66
Q

What is the problem with environmental policies by big oil companies?

A

They often do it to boost public view but they themselves have the money to spend

67
Q

Why is environmentalism hard to define?

A

Different to different people

68
Q

Who said that geography should take place from out side of normal disciplines (Castree)

A

Halford Mackinder 1887

69
Q

Who is effected by environmentalism?

Howell and pickerill, Daniels et al 2016

A

Everyone

70
Q

When did British government stop plans to expand Heathrow

A

2010, also refused Gatwick and stansted (Daniels 2016)

71
Q

According to McCormick 1991 who has the oldest, strongest, best organised and most widely supported environmental lobby In the world?

A

Britain

72
Q

Despite the size of the environmental lobby in Britain what has carter said?

A

Nothing much as happened/changed

73
Q

What are common environmental ethical events?

A

Should we eat meat?, Should we chop down trees for wood/fuel

74
Q

What is instrumental value?

A

When the recourse is useful or beneficial to humans

75
Q

What is intrinsic

A

It is important of its own accord

76
Q

What is inherent value?

A

We value the environment but beyond it’s use as a recourse, eg waking through the woods because we feel less stressed

77
Q

If something is instrumentally valuable what will happen to this value?

A

Will go down as it is used

78
Q

Which belief only values intrinsic value to be present in humans?

A

Anthropocentrism

79
Q

What is ecocentricism?

A

Non human entities can have intrinsic value

80
Q

Who attributed deep and shallow to environmental views?

A

Arne Naess

81
Q

What is shallow ecology?

A

Anthropocentrism

82
Q

What is deep ecology?

A

Eco centrism

83
Q

What is a fatalist?

A

View nature as random, they cope, do not make active choices but middle through constrained by budgets or other reasons

84
Q

What are hierarchists

A

View nature as tolerant, ie stable within limits but ta possible for humans to upset the balance, regulation and control, consume traditional food and goods

85
Q

What is an individualist?

A

View nature as stable, humans have little lasting impact on the environment, values market system

86
Q

What is an egalitarian?

A

View nature as finely balanced with humans, humans can easily upset the balance, radical changes in society needed equality, politically engaged

87
Q

Who wrote limits to growth

A

Meadows (club of rome)

88
Q

Who said that something needed to be done to diffuse the population explosion

A

U Thant

89
Q

What is the problem with recource and human growth

A

its exponential

90
Q

What are necessary but not needed in gowth

A

food resources and a health environment

91
Q

What does limits to growth suggest

A

The world is not able to sustain our growing population

92
Q

What implications does limits for growth have on the environment

A

environment less important due to need elsewhere of resources

93
Q

What did limits to growth include in their book to show the draining of recources

A

how long each material and mineral was expected to last

94
Q

What is the Gaia Theory

A

That is earth acts as one single organism

95
Q

What did devall and sessions say

A

the person is not above or outside nature so the value of nature cannot be derived by humans

96
Q

What concept did Capra invent in 1982

A

The New Age

97
Q

What do some people think the world is ruled by

A

a greater force, comsically, eg star signs

98
Q

When do astonomers say that we have a new age

A

every 2000 years

99
Q

what age are we in in the 12st century

A

Aquarius, moving from picies

100
Q

What defines the aquaries age

A

aquarius symbolised harmony and balance and spiritual awareness

101
Q

Why do most humans resent deep ecology

A

anti human in terms of power

102
Q

What did some gaianists think of human presence on earth

A

we are a parasite on the earth system

103
Q

What do social ecology and deep ecology have in common

A

a level of anarchism

104
Q

What is the view on social ecology

A

our problems with nature derive from social problems

105
Q

What does a cosmological view point say about the choice of people

A

that they have little choice, the earth is that way for a reason

106
Q

Who created the Gaia Hypothesis

A

James Lovelock 1989

107
Q

Why can the world be seen as a super organism relating to the gaia theory

A

All parts help to regulate and balance the planet via feedback mechanisms

108
Q

What is a total field view

A

deep ecologists that think every living thing is part of Gaia

109
Q

What is a theory of value?

A

Concerns what is great and good

110
Q

Which theory is producer orientated

A

marxist, the principle recourse is human labour

111
Q

How does marxism view the prices of products differently

A

The value of the products is in the labour not the instrumental value

112
Q

What is Neoclassical economics

A

Society is a collection of selfish, rational individuals, acting freely within markets to satisfy their wants

113
Q

What does O’Neill say about environmentalism

A

To be an environmentalist you must think that nature has intrinsic value

114
Q

What are O’Neils 3 views of intrinsic value?

A

Describes non instrumental value, value in its own properties, denotes objective value nature resides independently

115
Q

What was the medievel view of the universe

A

the earth was at the centre of the world

116
Q

What are the two main feedback loops of exponential growth on earth

A

Human population and industrial capital

117
Q

What negative feedback loops are created in response to the dominance of the positive ones

A

pollution, depletion of natural resources and famine

118
Q

What is the main regulator for environenmental views or contoversies

A

science

119
Q

Why did the views of malthus and the club of rome become important in the 60’s-70’s (Sandbach 1978)

A

The environmental movement meant more people read and values these beleifs

120
Q

What is the law of diminishing returns

A

as more land is used it becomes less valuable (sandback 78)

121
Q

How does mankind normally evade crisis in the limits to growth

A

By making technological advances (Boserup), (Meadows)

122
Q

If we had unlimiting recources, according to meadows what would stop growth

A

pollution

123
Q

Why does it become harder to reduce waste as we are already recuing it

A

it becomes more expensive as the hardert to reach or more needed wastes are removed

124
Q

In a city was is the prices of reducing sulphur dioxide at 5%, 42% and 48%

A

5%=£50,0000, 42%=7,500,00, 48%=£26,000,000 (meadows)

125
Q

Who was an avid campaigner for the sierra club in the 50’s 60’s

A

David Brower

126
Q

What is true abut social construction of nature

A

science, is not always true, the idea of nature comes from each individual

127
Q

What connects with competition

A

Mechanistic world view

128
Q

What is mechanistic world view

A

related to each other only externally. In
this perspective, society is nothing more than a mere
mechanism based on the interplay between ego centric individuals seeking their own gains

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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