1. Environmentalism Flashcards
When did environmental geography come to exist?
After the 1970’s
What does environmental assessment and management involve?
Not just the environment but human interaction with it
What is conflict of interest?
People have different views on what is right
What is conflict of value?
People have different on what something means or it’s value
What is environmentalism?
Social and political movement aimed at improving the relationship between humans and their natural environment
Why did environmentalism evolve?
People started to like and enjoy the environment such as wales
Which writers helped improve the relationship to the country side?
Wordsworth, Lord Byron and Coleridge
What are transcendentalists?
Believe that humans and nature share a divine spirit
What are the reasons for the emergence of environmentalism?
Global scale, Pace of change, persistence Thresholds, uncertainty
Why was the movement called where people liked nature more
The romantic period
What were the views of the romantic era?
Feeling rather than form, free expression passion and individuality
Name a 19th c transcendentalist?
Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson
What was the first environmental club?
The Sierra club
Who founded the sierra club?
John Muir
Who did John Muir have influence over?
Theodore Roosevelt
Who wrote the book silent spring in 1962?
Rachel Carson
What was Silent spring critical of?
Industry, tried to ban DDT
Who came up with tragedy of the commons?
Garret Hardin
What environmental event took place in 1970?
Earth day, 22 million people across the US
When did greenpeace from?
1971
What model backed the idea of environmentalism?
Limits to growth
What did limits to growth show?
Infinite growth is impossible, other wise disastrous consequences
What is Deep Ecology?
The value of non human life forms is independent of the usefulness to humans
Who created Deep Ecology?
Arne Naess
What is the Gaia hypothesis
Presence of life determines physical and chemical condition of earth
Who came up with the Gaia hypothesis
James lovelock
What is an example of peaceful direct action?
Green Peace
Name and example of a re-organisation of society?
Communes
What is a stereotype of environmentalists?
White middle class, educated
What do the government release that informs people of environmental procedures?
That White Paper
Which country has seen the most deforestation in recent years?
Honduras
What was the wilderness often described as before romanticism?
Wet, soggy, damp, for the poor, not for the rich, under developed
What effect did romanticism have on people’s feeling on the environment?
Felling rather than form
How area the outside and natural areas often described today?
The great outdoors, majestic, beautiful
Why do different countries have different views on nature?
Their social construction, Greeks don’t like mountains as they get in the way
Who said man and nature or physically geography shaped by human action?
George Perkins Marsh
What was the first national park?
Yellow stone, Wyoming
What did the protest culture create in the Uk?
Hippie and environmentalists
When were CFC’s banned?
Montreal convention, 1987
When was the first Earth day?
1970
When were friends of the earth formed?
1969
How many people demonstrated at first earth day ?
22 million
When was limits of growth created by the club of Rome?
1972
What are humans part of in terms of environmentalism?
The earths organic system
What helped the movement of romanticism in the uk?
Endorsed by celebrities
What phenenom made people want to move to the country side?
Industrialisation
What helped to back up the teachings of the club of Rome?
Computer generated models
As of 2018, what is the most recent animal to go extinct?
Christmas Island Skink
What did the introduction of environmental romantasicm do in the uk?
Increase environmental thoughts in the working class
When was the yellow stone national park formed?
1872
When was the Gaia hypothesis?
1979
What is different about environmentalism since the 1960’s
Much more accepted as a problem
When were the periods of London smog?
17th century
What did John Evelyn day bout the London smog?
London resembles mount etna or the suburbs of hell rather than an assembley of rational creatures
What was the view of technology after the Romaric period?
Nature=good
Technology=bad
What did Thoreau day about nature?
The natural world shared a belief and divine spirit humanity, inspiration and solitude
Where did Thoreau go to live at the end of his life?
Lived in a cabin alone in Walden pond
What did Thoreau day about his relation ship with money and the environment?
Give me poverty that enjoys true wealth
How did romantics affect the view of environment?
We convinced it in a new light, a way to escape the city and trouble of urban life
Who was the US’s first environmentalist?
George Perkins Marsh
What is the tragedy of the commons?
People using common land, exploit this land for more money, the land cannot toe the pressure and now there is no profitable land left
What did meadows say about exploitation?
Every day of exploitation brings world systems to the ultimate limits of growth, a decision to do nothing will result in a collapse
What is the first rule of deep ecology?
Human and non human life has inherent value, the value of nature is independent of human need
What is the third rule of deep ecology?
Humans have no right to refuse this diversity
Name an extreme movement that seeks to stop human destruction of the planet?
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
What is the problem with environmental policies by big oil companies?
They often do it to boost public view but they themselves have the money to spend
Why is environmentalism hard to define?
Different to different people
Who said that geography should take place from out side of normal disciplines (Castree)
Halford Mackinder 1887
Who is effected by environmentalism?
Howell and pickerill, Daniels et al 2016
Everyone
When did British government stop plans to expand Heathrow
2010, also refused Gatwick and stansted (Daniels 2016)
According to McCormick 1991 who has the oldest, strongest, best organised and most widely supported environmental lobby In the world?
Britain
Despite the size of the environmental lobby in Britain what has carter said?
Nothing much as happened/changed
What are common environmental ethical events?
Should we eat meat?, Should we chop down trees for wood/fuel
What is instrumental value?
When the recourse is useful or beneficial to humans
What is intrinsic
It is important of its own accord
What is inherent value?
We value the environment but beyond it’s use as a recourse, eg waking through the woods because we feel less stressed
If something is instrumentally valuable what will happen to this value?
Will go down as it is used
Which belief only values intrinsic value to be present in humans?
Anthropocentrism
What is ecocentricism?
Non human entities can have intrinsic value
Who attributed deep and shallow to environmental views?
Arne Naess
What is shallow ecology?
Anthropocentrism
What is deep ecology?
Eco centrism
What is a fatalist?
View nature as random, they cope, do not make active choices but middle through constrained by budgets or other reasons
What are hierarchists
View nature as tolerant, ie stable within limits but ta possible for humans to upset the balance, regulation and control, consume traditional food and goods
What is an individualist?
View nature as stable, humans have little lasting impact on the environment, values market system
What is an egalitarian?
View nature as finely balanced with humans, humans can easily upset the balance, radical changes in society needed equality, politically engaged
Who wrote limits to growth
Meadows (club of rome)
Who said that something needed to be done to diffuse the population explosion
U Thant
What is the problem with recource and human growth
its exponential
What are necessary but not needed in gowth
food resources and a health environment
What does limits to growth suggest
The world is not able to sustain our growing population
What implications does limits for growth have on the environment
environment less important due to need elsewhere of resources
What did limits to growth include in their book to show the draining of recources
how long each material and mineral was expected to last
What is the Gaia Theory
That is earth acts as one single organism
What did devall and sessions say
the person is not above or outside nature so the value of nature cannot be derived by humans
What concept did Capra invent in 1982
The New Age
What do some people think the world is ruled by
a greater force, comsically, eg star signs
When do astonomers say that we have a new age
every 2000 years
what age are we in in the 12st century
Aquarius, moving from picies
What defines the aquaries age
aquarius symbolised harmony and balance and spiritual awareness
Why do most humans resent deep ecology
anti human in terms of power
What did some gaianists think of human presence on earth
we are a parasite on the earth system
What do social ecology and deep ecology have in common
a level of anarchism
What is the view on social ecology
our problems with nature derive from social problems
What does a cosmological view point say about the choice of people
that they have little choice, the earth is that way for a reason
Who created the Gaia Hypothesis
James Lovelock 1989
Why can the world be seen as a super organism relating to the gaia theory
All parts help to regulate and balance the planet via feedback mechanisms
What is a total field view
deep ecologists that think every living thing is part of Gaia
What is a theory of value?
Concerns what is great and good
Which theory is producer orientated
marxist, the principle recourse is human labour
How does marxism view the prices of products differently
The value of the products is in the labour not the instrumental value
What is Neoclassical economics
Society is a collection of selfish, rational individuals, acting freely within markets to satisfy their wants
What does O’Neill say about environmentalism
To be an environmentalist you must think that nature has intrinsic value
What are O’Neils 3 views of intrinsic value?
Describes non instrumental value, value in its own properties, denotes objective value nature resides independently
What was the medievel view of the universe
the earth was at the centre of the world
What are the two main feedback loops of exponential growth on earth
Human population and industrial capital
What negative feedback loops are created in response to the dominance of the positive ones
pollution, depletion of natural resources and famine
What is the main regulator for environenmental views or contoversies
science
Why did the views of malthus and the club of rome become important in the 60’s-70’s (Sandbach 1978)
The environmental movement meant more people read and values these beleifs
What is the law of diminishing returns
as more land is used it becomes less valuable (sandback 78)
How does mankind normally evade crisis in the limits to growth
By making technological advances (Boserup), (Meadows)
If we had unlimiting recources, according to meadows what would stop growth
pollution
Why does it become harder to reduce waste as we are already recuing it
it becomes more expensive as the hardert to reach or more needed wastes are removed
In a city was is the prices of reducing sulphur dioxide at 5%, 42% and 48%
5%=£50,0000, 42%=7,500,00, 48%=£26,000,000 (meadows)
Who was an avid campaigner for the sierra club in the 50’s 60’s
David Brower
What is true abut social construction of nature
science, is not always true, the idea of nature comes from each individual
What connects with competition
Mechanistic world view
What is mechanistic world view
related to each other only externally. In
this perspective, society is nothing more than a mere
mechanism based on the interplay between ego centric individuals seeking their own gains
