16. Evaluating Policy Flashcards
What is the EU policy that effects beaches in Europe?
Bathing Waters Directive
What is a policy
Political wisdom, course of action adopted by government, set of principles used to guide decision making
What is the most important connection in policy?
Social and environmental
What may policies apply to
government private sector
What are policies normally agreggated to?
The higher scale, not the individual
What can policy development be seen as
A stage model, can be broken down, chronological pattern
What determins how good a policy actually is?
Implementation stage, the acid bath
What gives the chance for policy refinement
monitoring evaluation
What is implementation deficit
why does it not meet all the goals that were meant for it
Who came up with the implementation deficit
Pressman and Willdowsky, looked at a federal programme to regenerate oakland and san francisco
What is top down implementation
implementation is about getting the administrative issues right, ticking them off, assumes clear goals that are understood by all the parties, delivery of policy considered to be most effective with few actors involved. maybe only 3, short delivery chains, if any of the actors need time or resource will be granted, assumes policy will be favourably by all those who are involved
What is Bottom Up Implementation
Not focussed on administration, interested on what actually happens on the ground, flexibility at the local level is all important, autonomy over rescourses good time scales expertise, consensus with the local groups is positive, local level circumstances
What is Multi Level bargaining model Implementation
Starting point for a discussion, ongoing dialogue between government and stakeholders, interests are quite partizan, quite fractured, split up, in sharp contrast, policy is open, how do those atributes apply to the case study
What is Social Learning Implementaiton
Idea of negotiation, policy is only the starting point, like a template, discussion is about new information as the policy is implemented, what stake holders want from a policy also changes. Should be tracking over time, chaning circumstances of actors
What is different with EU policy making
Has multiple institutions, commission drafting policy from ministers, between the 2 is the parliament. Has a function to scrutinise proposals that are put forward
Who proses legislation in the EU
Commission
What is uploading
member countries giving their own views or policies
How is policymaking funded
mainly from the EU and the Member states, about 50-50
When was the bathing waters dirctive started
1976
What was the aim of the BWD
To protect the environmental and public health by raising and maintaining the quality of bathing water over time
Who had to define what were bathing waters
the member states
What where the qualities that bathing waters had to adhere by?
Microbiological, Chemical and physical
What did the UK have at the time the policy was meant to happen
Highly developed national framework, not strong with bathing waters
What was the problem with bathing waters legislation
they thought that if it isn’t visibly dirty it will be fine
Why did the UK not want to take any action
strong tidal flows would dissipate tidal flow
How much investment was needed by 2006
39billion
What did the UK start to do due to the derivative
act slowly, only propsed 27 bathing areas, luxembourg was 39
What happens to the issue as the time moves on
NGOs and charities fight against the government
What can a policy be seen as?
A Poliical strategy
How does Roberts define policy?
Set of principles used guide decision making
What are public policies
May apply to government private sector organisations and groups
What percentage of the EU achieves excellent for bathing water quality?
85%
Which country has the worst score for excellent beaches in the EU
Bulgaria
What is the UK excellent bathing water score
61.4
Who decides what a bathing water is?
The member state themselves
What is the social aim of bathing waters,
Norm setting
What was one of the reasons for the uk lack of interest in the EU bathing water la directive
Money
What was the difference in French beaches
Massive tourism hotspot, they cared about them
What is the often shortfalls with policies
They do not meet their intended goals
Why can the structure to the EC lead to deficits in policy
The lack of vested interest, weak investigation powers, and high compliance costs
Who was the lead state in the BD
France
What parameters must countries face to meet the BD
Physical, chemical and microbiological factors
What two levels of control does the bathing initiative dictate
Maniditory (imperative) or guide
Who was Britain’s chief bathing waters expert at the time
Brendan Moore
How does van horn describe top down implementation
Implementation that focuses solely with the outputs and how they match the intentions
What was the policy before the directive for disposing of sewerage water
Into the sea near sea side towns
What did the Uk think of the sea
Could take endless amount of sewerage
In the uk who had been responsible in deciding how sewage was disposed of
Local administrators instead of a larger organisation
How did scientists describe the water to beginning safe?
Until it visibly wasn’t, lots of unnoticeable damage being done
What was set up to reduce pollution to the sea in the uk?
The coastal anti pollution league
What is temporal about implementation as social learning?
Implementation will reformulate as the policy itself is carried out (wildavsky)
What are important traits in social learning?
Knowledge and understanding in guiding the policy
In social learning how are fundamental changes in policy caused
Exogenous factors like economic conditions or change in opinion (Jordan)
Which policy scene is ongoing debate between. Policy makers and implementors who both have their own agenda (Barrett and Fudge, 1981)
Multi level bargaining
Which section of the EU often takes part in multi level bargaining?
The European Commission
What were the three reasons for growing political concern for the BWD?
Number of people using the coastline grew while non biodegradable content also rose, practical implementation of the data began to yield EU said that the uk was damaging it self, formal infringement processing took place from friends of the earth which brought more environmental pressure
In the UK in 2018 how many bathing waters met the minimum standard of the BWD
97.9%
How many bathing waters in England were classified as poor and failed the minimum standard?
9 (2.1%)
Name some uk beaches that got poor for bathing water quality?
Burnham north, Combe Martin, ilfracombe
Name some beaches that scored excellent in the BWD in england?
Porthtowan chapel porth, godrevey (gov.uk)
What did the government announce in 1989 with the BWD that cost 1.1 billion
Clean up programme
How much more coastline does uk have compared to France?
Over twice as much
In France who is in charge at looking after bathing waters at the local level
Mayor
How many bathing waters have been identified in France?
3500
What has been the impact to water governing in uk
Loss of public confidence
What has been the main negative of the France water management
Under greater long term threat
Why is the negative side of French water management?
Very fragmentmented into communes, hard to manage on a large scale
What did the bathing water directive become law in Portugal?
1998 (mansilha et al)
What does the BWD often lead to?
Higher levels of water quality
What is the primary aim of the BWD
Improving public health
What are time two most important factors in the water sector?
Cost and environmental damage (Maloney)
What is privatisation associated with?
Neo liberalism, de regulation and free market governance
What does mazman and sabatier say about policy making?
Policy does more than shape the design, it can encourage or discourage the participation of outside actors
What is a directive
time scale and means largely at states discresion
Who was the main uploading force of the BWD
France
