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Year 2 Environmental > 5. Sustainable development > Flashcards

5. Sustainable development Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The process of developing or being developed

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3
Q

Sustainable Development?

A

Development that meets the need of today without comprising the ability of future generations

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4
Q

What implements SD

A

Emergence of environmentalism and changing perceptions of the development

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5
Q

What was the 1960’s modernisation thesis?

A

Economic growth and application of modern methods will lead to prosperity, developing nations need to catch up

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6
Q

What is the view in the west on what developing nations need to do?

A

Modernisation = Westernisation

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7
Q

What is the dependency school of thought from the 1970’s

A

Scholarship from the developing world, the west as the cause of the problem, socioeconomic conditions related to exploitative and dependent relations with the west

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8
Q

What is the 1980’s another development policy?

A

More concerned with how development should occur than theorising development itself, increase focus on distribution of economic growth, no single model for achieving development

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9
Q

What are examples of changes to development in the 1990’s?

A

Neo liberalism, Globalisation

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10
Q

How many counties attended the 1972 conference of the environment

A

112

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11
Q

What was the message at the 1972 Stockholm conference?

A

Common approach

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12
Q

In the 1960 how did the west think underdevelopment would be solved

A

Spatial diffusion of modernity from the west

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13
Q

In the 1960s what did capitalist growth lead to?

A

Industrialisation

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14
Q

What are the two mains factors in 1970s changing approaches to development

A

Colonialism capitalism

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15
Q

What was the slogan with 1980s development

A

Another development

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16
Q

In the 1980s was the development plural or single

A

Plural, no single model for achieving development

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17
Q

In the 1980’s where is development aimed?

A

Specific local and historical conditions

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18
Q

What is the main tool for development in the 1990’s

A

Neo liberalism

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19
Q

What did 1990’s development utilise that spread development world wised?

A

Globalisation

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20
Q

What did the 1972 Stockholm conference acknowledge

A

Evidence of man made harm

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21
Q

What is the main legacy of the Stockholm conference

A

Put environmental issues on the international political agenda

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22
Q

At the Stockholm conference what did they pin on the wealthiest nations

A

Most wealthy nations suspected of trying to restrain poorer nations

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23
Q

What was started at the Stockholm conference

A

United Nations environment programme

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24
Q

How can development be sustainable?

A

Must take into acccount social factors as well as ecological ones

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25
Q

Who chaired the 1983 commission on environmental development

A

From Harlem Brundtland

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26
Q

What was the Brundtland report known as?

A

Our common future

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27
Q

What is brundtlands definition of sustainable development

A

Very development oriented, echos of limits to growth

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28
Q

When was the Rio earth summit

A

1992

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29
Q

How many governments were at the Rio summer?

A

172

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30
Q

How many NGO representatives at the Rio summit

A

2,400

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31
Q

What were some of the conventions at The Rio summit

A

Forest principles, combat desertification, biological diversity

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32
Q

How many principles did Rio make?

A

27

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33
Q

What were the key development principles from Rio

A

Right to development being fulfilled, needs of developing countries to be given priority, participation of all concerned citizens at relevant levels, polluter pays,

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34
Q

What were the positives from Rio?

A

Excitement from the event itself, singing of 3 global conventions, agenda 21, detailed report on what should be done

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35
Q

What were the failings of Rio?

A

Lack of financial commitment, little actually made legally binding, specific targets avoided

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36
Q

When was the second Rio summit?

A

2002

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37
Q

What was the emphasis to Rio plus 10?

A

Partnerships between government ngos and business

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38
Q

What was Rio plus 10 critisised for?

A

Waste generated, large protest

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39
Q

Who did not attend Rio plus 20

A

Obama Cameron and merkle

40
Q

What was the issue with plus 20?

A

Lacked specific targets

41
Q

What are the three pillars to sustainability

A

Economic, social and environmental

42
Q

What is the focus with sustainability?

A

Long term integrity and productivity

43
Q

Why are needed to strike a balance with sustainability

A

Natural capital

44
Q

What are the requirements for sustainability

A

Sustainable rescource use, knowledge of limits and capacities of sources and sinks management of natural capital to limit regulations market mechanisms and precautionary principles

45
Q

What is economic sustainability focussed on?0

A

Growth productivity and development

46
Q

What is required for economic sustainability

A

Increase true income, intensifying substitutions between different types of capital

47
Q

What is the central issue with social sustainability

A

Access, to wealth rescource a and opportunities

48
Q

What does social sustainability require?

A

Active political participation, government accountability and empowerment, distributional equity

49
Q

What is weak sustainability?

A

Human and technological capital can be situated for natural capital, natural rescources can be used up as long as alternatives are developed, economic growth can be persued is d as long as environmental effects are managed

50
Q

What is strong sustainability

A

Minimal resource substitution is the disorder state, critical natural capital should be passed onto the future generations in similar to what was inherited, economic growth should not nessisarily be priotised

51
Q

What are the attitudes of communalist theories?

A

Preservation

52
Q

What are the attitudes of deep ecology

A

Extreme preservation

53
Q

What are the attitudes of cornucopia?

A

Mass growth and exploitation

54
Q

What are the attitudes of accommodation

A

Conserve and manage

55
Q

What are the management strats of cornucopian

A

Maximise GNP all limits mitigated

56
Q

What are the management strats of accommodating

A

Modified economic growth

57
Q

What Management matategies are there with communalist

A

Zero economic growth and population growth

58
Q

What are management strategies to deep ecology

A

Reduced scale to the economy

59
Q

What is the economy of deep ecology

A

Heavily regulated to minimise rescource intake

60
Q

What is the economy of communalist

A

Regulated green economy

61
Q

What is the economy of accommodating

A

Green markets

62
Q

What is the economy of cornucpian

A

Unfettered free markets

63
Q

What are the ethics of cornucopian

A

Instrumental value

64
Q

Why are the ethics of accommodating

A

Instrumental value with generational concerns

65
Q

What are ethics of communalist

A

Collective interest primary value to ecosystem

66
Q

What are the ethics of deep ecology

A

Nature has intrinsic value

67
Q

What are the key elements to sustainability

A

Interdependence bettween environment society and ecoonony

68
Q

What should sustainable goals also have in mind

A

Meeting human needs, no good if it puts people in poverty

69
Q

What is wrong with the term sustainable development

A

Difficult to pin down what it actually means, contested subject

70
Q

What is the environment defined in relationship too

A

Development

71
Q

If we value the environment as environmental development what is our relationship to it?

A

Instrumental

72
Q

Who is in charge of SD

A

World leaders? Or is it big business knowone is really sure, foxes in charge of the chickens

73
Q

What is the National Planning Policy Frame work?

A

Planning to help achieve sustainable development, accommodate growth in a sustainable way

74
Q

At what level do rich nations stop becoming happier?

A

$15,000 dollars (Frey and stutzer 2001)

75
Q

Who created the gross national happiness index

A

Bhutan

76
Q

What has the highest gdp?

A

Qatar

77
Q

Who has the lowest gdp?

A

Central African Republic

78
Q

What is a techno centric approach to SD

A

Business as usual

79
Q

What is an eco centric approach to SD

A

Impose limits

80
Q

What did the first SD definition include?

A

Focus on quality of life, currently not happening

81
Q

What are transformational alternatives?

A

Prosperity without growth

82
Q

What do people say about transformational alternatives

A

Reform is not enough

83
Q

What is sustainable de growth

A

An equitable and democratic transition to a smaller economy

84
Q

What are the features of sustainable de growth

A

Focus on enjoyment of life and voluntary simplicity, disassociate with consumerism, decrease in material and energy consumption in counties exceeding the ecological footprint o

85
Q

What is the name to Jackson’s paper in 2009

A

Prosperity without growth

86
Q

What is confusing about the goals of sustainable development

A

Seem to differ between people

87
Q

How has the environment been seen in relation to humanity?

A

External to it

88
Q

What claim does sustainable development challenge?

A

Human well being can be achieved through increased global trade

89
Q

What do people claim that development challenges

A

The increased intervention of the world in a capitalist economy (hopwood et al)

90
Q

Who would say that non human species and biodiversity have rights within them selves?

A

Deep greens (Arne Naess)

91
Q

What do supporters of the status quo see?

A

Need for change but neither the environment nor society as facing insurmountable problems

92
Q

What does DETR think the best way to get to sustainable development is?

A

Through more growth

93
Q

What does the world business council think about development and sustainability? (Hopwood 2002)

A

No conflict between growth of the global market and environmental stability

94
Q

How does Schumacher argue that the economy should be run?

A

Like people actually mattered and on a small local scale

95
Q

What is the common theme with reform

A

Advances to technology can bring benefits to reform and the environment

96
Q

Why do green economists argue that the market needs modification

A

To address market failure

97
Q

What do all forms of sustainable development agree on?

A

Society needs to change

Year 2 Environmental (11 decks)

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