5. Sustainable development Flashcards
What is sustainability?
Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
What is development?
The process of developing or being developed
Sustainable Development?
Development that meets the need of today without comprising the ability of future generations
What implements SD
Emergence of environmentalism and changing perceptions of the development
What was the 1960’s modernisation thesis?
Economic growth and application of modern methods will lead to prosperity, developing nations need to catch up
What is the view in the west on what developing nations need to do?
Modernisation = Westernisation
What is the dependency school of thought from the 1970’s
Scholarship from the developing world, the west as the cause of the problem, socioeconomic conditions related to exploitative and dependent relations with the west
What is the 1980’s another development policy?
More concerned with how development should occur than theorising development itself, increase focus on distribution of economic growth, no single model for achieving development
What are examples of changes to development in the 1990’s?
Neo liberalism, Globalisation
How many counties attended the 1972 conference of the environment
112
What was the message at the 1972 Stockholm conference?
Common approach
In the 1960 how did the west think underdevelopment would be solved
Spatial diffusion of modernity from the west
In the 1960s what did capitalist growth lead to?
Industrialisation
What are the two mains factors in 1970s changing approaches to development
Colonialism capitalism
What was the slogan with 1980s development
Another development
In the 1980s was the development plural or single
Plural, no single model for achieving development
In the 1980’s where is development aimed?
Specific local and historical conditions
What is the main tool for development in the 1990’s
Neo liberalism
What did 1990’s development utilise that spread development world wised?
Globalisation
What did the 1972 Stockholm conference acknowledge
Evidence of man made harm
What is the main legacy of the Stockholm conference
Put environmental issues on the international political agenda
At the Stockholm conference what did they pin on the wealthiest nations
Most wealthy nations suspected of trying to restrain poorer nations
What was started at the Stockholm conference
United Nations environment programme
How can development be sustainable?
Must take into acccount social factors as well as ecological ones
Who chaired the 1983 commission on environmental development
From Harlem Brundtland
What was the Brundtland report known as?
Our common future
What is brundtlands definition of sustainable development
Very development oriented, echos of limits to growth
When was the Rio earth summit
1992
How many governments were at the Rio summer?
172
How many NGO representatives at the Rio summit
2,400
What were some of the conventions at The Rio summit
Forest principles, combat desertification, biological diversity
How many principles did Rio make?
27
What were the key development principles from Rio
Right to development being fulfilled, needs of developing countries to be given priority, participation of all concerned citizens at relevant levels, polluter pays,
What were the positives from Rio?
Excitement from the event itself, singing of 3 global conventions, agenda 21, detailed report on what should be done
What were the failings of Rio?
Lack of financial commitment, little actually made legally binding, specific targets avoided
When was the second Rio summit?
2002
What was the emphasis to Rio plus 10?
Partnerships between government ngos and business
What was Rio plus 10 critisised for?
Waste generated, large protest
Who did not attend Rio plus 20
Obama Cameron and merkle
What was the issue with plus 20?
Lacked specific targets
What are the three pillars to sustainability
Economic, social and environmental
What is the focus with sustainability?
Long term integrity and productivity
Why are needed to strike a balance with sustainability
Natural capital
What are the requirements for sustainability
Sustainable rescource use, knowledge of limits and capacities of sources and sinks management of natural capital to limit regulations market mechanisms and precautionary principles
What is economic sustainability focussed on?0
Growth productivity and development
What is required for economic sustainability
Increase true income, intensifying substitutions between different types of capital
What is the central issue with social sustainability
Access, to wealth rescource a and opportunities
What does social sustainability require?
Active political participation, government accountability and empowerment, distributional equity
What is weak sustainability?
Human and technological capital can be situated for natural capital, natural rescources can be used up as long as alternatives are developed, economic growth can be persued is d as long as environmental effects are managed
What is strong sustainability
Minimal resource substitution is the disorder state, critical natural capital should be passed onto the future generations in similar to what was inherited, economic growth should not nessisarily be priotised
What are the attitudes of communalist theories?
Preservation
What are the attitudes of deep ecology
Extreme preservation
What are the attitudes of cornucopia?
Mass growth and exploitation
What are the attitudes of accommodation
Conserve and manage
What are the management strats of cornucopian
Maximise GNP all limits mitigated
What are the management strats of accommodating
Modified economic growth
What Management matategies are there with communalist
Zero economic growth and population growth
What are management strategies to deep ecology
Reduced scale to the economy
What is the economy of deep ecology
Heavily regulated to minimise rescource intake
What is the economy of communalist
Regulated green economy
What is the economy of accommodating
Green markets
What is the economy of cornucpian
Unfettered free markets
What are the ethics of cornucopian
Instrumental value
Why are the ethics of accommodating
Instrumental value with generational concerns
What are ethics of communalist
Collective interest primary value to ecosystem
What are the ethics of deep ecology
Nature has intrinsic value
What are the key elements to sustainability
Interdependence bettween environment society and ecoonony
What should sustainable goals also have in mind
Meeting human needs, no good if it puts people in poverty
What is wrong with the term sustainable development
Difficult to pin down what it actually means, contested subject
What is the environment defined in relationship too
Development
If we value the environment as environmental development what is our relationship to it?
Instrumental
Who is in charge of SD
World leaders? Or is it big business knowone is really sure, foxes in charge of the chickens
What is the National Planning Policy Frame work?
Planning to help achieve sustainable development, accommodate growth in a sustainable way
At what level do rich nations stop becoming happier?
$15,000 dollars (Frey and stutzer 2001)
Who created the gross national happiness index
Bhutan
What has the highest gdp?
Qatar
Who has the lowest gdp?
Central African Republic
What is a techno centric approach to SD
Business as usual
What is an eco centric approach to SD
Impose limits
What did the first SD definition include?
Focus on quality of life, currently not happening
What are transformational alternatives?
Prosperity without growth
What do people say about transformational alternatives
Reform is not enough
What is sustainable de growth
An equitable and democratic transition to a smaller economy
What are the features of sustainable de growth
Focus on enjoyment of life and voluntary simplicity, disassociate with consumerism, decrease in material and energy consumption in counties exceeding the ecological footprint o
What is the name to Jackson’s paper in 2009
Prosperity without growth
What is confusing about the goals of sustainable development
Seem to differ between people
How has the environment been seen in relation to humanity?
External to it
What claim does sustainable development challenge?
Human well being can be achieved through increased global trade
What do people claim that development challenges
The increased intervention of the world in a capitalist economy (hopwood et al)
Who would say that non human species and biodiversity have rights within them selves?
Deep greens (Arne Naess)
What do supporters of the status quo see?
Need for change but neither the environment nor society as facing insurmountable problems
What does DETR think the best way to get to sustainable development is?
Through more growth
What does the world business council think about development and sustainability? (Hopwood 2002)
No conflict between growth of the global market and environmental stability
How does Schumacher argue that the economy should be run?
Like people actually mattered and on a small local scale
What is the common theme with reform
Advances to technology can bring benefits to reform and the environment
Why do green economists argue that the market needs modification
To address market failure
What do all forms of sustainable development agree on?
Society needs to change
