Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BACB Exam Prep > Foundational Knowledge- The Hard Stuff > Flashcards

Foundational Knowledge- The Hard Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

What is a response?

A

A single instance of behavior

Measurable units of analysis in the science of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behavior vs. Response

A

A behavior is a large set/class of responses that share physical dimensions or functions and a response is just a single instance of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a repertoire?

A

All the behaviors that an individual can do

A collection of knowledge and skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Environment

A

Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance
All behaviors occur within an environmental context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stimulus

A

Physical events that affect the behavior of an adult
Can be internal or external
Energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells
Can occur prior to, during, or after a behavior
Can be described formally, temporally, or functionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 types of nervous systems

A

PIE
Proprioceptive
Introceptive
Exteroceptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proprioceptive

A

Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc- Balance and Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Introceptive

A

Stimulation from organs- Internal events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Exteroceptive

A

5 senses- hearing, seeing, touching, tasting, smelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stimulus class

A 
A group on ANTECEDENT stimuli that have common effect on an operant class
Tend to evoke and or abate the same behavior or response class/ can vary physically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 types of stimulus classes

A

FTF- For The Fun
Formal
Temporal
Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Formal

A

Physical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Temporal

A

Time

Stimulus changes prior (antecedent) and that follow a behavior (consequence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functional

A

Stimulus changes are understood best through functional
Effect of stimulus on the behavior
Multiple functions of single stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Feature stimulus class

A

Common topographies
Common relative relations
Infinite number of stimuli
Stimulus generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arbirtary stimulus class

A

Evoke same response but they do not share a common stimulus feature
Limited number of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Consequences

A

Only affect future behavior

Select response classes not individual responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Automaticity

A

A person does not know what a consequence means for it to work
Operant conditioning occurs automatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Automatic reinforcement

A

Reinforcement that occurs independent of social mediation of others
Naturally produced sensory consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

AKA’s for automatic reinforcement

A

Sensory
Self-stimulatory behaviors
Stereotypy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Automatic punishment

A

Punishment occurring independent of the social mediation of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Present or increase intensity of stimulus that will increase frequency of behavior in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Withdraw or decrease intensity of stimulus that will increase frequency of behavior in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Present or increase intensity of stimulus that will decrease frequency of behavior in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Withdraw or decrease intensity of stimulus that will decrease frequency of behavior in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Reinforcement does not only strengthen rate, can also strengthen

A

Duration
Latency
Magnitude
Topography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A response becomes more frequency in the future if

A

A reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed it within 0-60 seconds in the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Immediacy of the reinforcer is

A

CRITICAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Delayed consequences are not

A

technically reinforcement but can influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does reinforcement do?

A

Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant
Changes what comes after behavior and before
Creates stimulus control, making responding in the presence of the SD more likely
When SD added- 2 term turns into 3 term of discriminated operant
Reinforcement depends on motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Unwanted effects of reinforcement

A

Can be temporary
Most EO’s for behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement can be viewed aversive events
Relying on contrived reinforcers
Internal motivation may be lost
Other people confusing reinforcement with bribery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

5 Types of Positive Reinforcement

A 
EATSS
Edible
Activity
Tangible
Social
Sensory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 Types of Negative Reinforcement

A

Escape

Avoidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Escape

A

A behavior allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Avoidance

A

A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

2 Types of Avoidance

A

Discriminated Avoidance

Free-Operant Avoidance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Discriminated Avoidance

A

A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is the reinforcer
SD is a warning or signal
Ex. Checking traffic to avoid the freeway and taking surface streets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Free-Operant Avoidance

A

No warning
A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus
Ex. Just deciding not to take the freeway without checking traffic report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ethical warning about negative reinforcement

A

Creating an aversive condition for an individual may be unethical and can bring about other challenging behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Unconditioned reinforcer/reinforcement

A

A stimulus change that can increase future frequency of behavior without prior pairing
No learning history required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

AKA’s for Unconditioned reinforcer/ment

A

UCR
Primary Reinforcer
Unlearned Reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Conditioned reinforcer/ment

A

When a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers
Learning history required
Products of ontogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

AKA’s for Conditioned reinforcer/ment

A

CR
Secondary Reinforcer
Learned Reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
Doesn’t depend on MO
Less susceptible to satiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

AKA’s for Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

Generalized Reinforcer

GCSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Punishment

A

When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases future frequency of similar responses
Defined by function
Defined by future effects on behavior
2 term contingency- Bx—-> Consequence
Becomes 3 term when adding antecedent when occurs only in some conditions (Discriminative Effects of Punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

AKA’s for punishment

A

SD-
SD p
SP
Punishment based SD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Threats are not

A

Punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Recovery from Punishment

A

When punishment stops effects are not permanent

Rate of behavior will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Unwanted effects of punishment

A

Society dislikes punishment
Can be temporary
People enacting procedures may be negatively reinforced
Does not address the cause of behavior
Emotional and aggressive reactions may be produced
Escape and avoidance of people implementing or settings
Imitation
Requires lots of supervision, resources, and time
Behavioral contrast may occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Behavioral Contrast

A

A phenomenon in which change in one component of a multiple schedule increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component that is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other unaltered component of the schedule
Ex. Boss yells at employee- Employee working hard when boss is around and doesn’t when he isn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Punisher vs. Aversive Stimulus

A

A stimulus change that decrease the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it
An unpleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

5 Types of Positive Punishment

A 
ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock
Exercise
Response Blocking
54
Q

2 types of Overcorrection

A

Restitutional Overcorrection

Positive Practice Overcorrection

55
Q

Restitutional Overcorrection

A

Repair environment to original state and make it a lot better

56
Q

Positive Practice Overcorrection

A

Repeatedly perform a correct form of the behavior for a certain amount of time or number of times

57
Q

AKA’s for Negative Punishment

A

Type II
Penalty Principle
Penalty Contingency

58
Q

Negative Punishment Procedures

A

Response Cost

Time Out

59
Q

Response Cost

A

Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a behavior

60
Q

2 Response Cost Methods

A

Bonus Response Cost

Direct Fines

61
Q

Bonus Response Costs

A

When you make additional non-contingent reinforcers available to the individual and then take those away

62
Q

Direct Fines

A

Direct loss of positive reinforcers

63
Q

2 Types of Time Out

A

Non-Exclusionary

Exclusionary

64
Q

4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out

A 
IWOR
Ignoring/ Planned Ignoring
Withdrawal of Specific Pos. Reinforcer
Observational/Contingent Observation
Ribbon/ Time-out Ribbon
65
Q

Igoring/ Planned Ignoring

A

Social Reinforcers removed for a specific time

66
Q

Withdrawal of Specific Pos. Rein

A

Taking something preferred away

67
Q

Observation/ Contingent Observation

A

Individual is repositioned in room so they can observe but not participate

68
Q

Ribbon/ Time-Out Ribbon

A

Colored band placed on individuals wrist
On- Can earn rein
Off- Can’t

69
Q

3 Types of Exclusionary Time-out

A

RPH
Room
Partition
Hallway

70
Q

Positive Punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement

A

Both are called Aversive Control

Effects on behavior; PP decreases behavior while NR increases it

71
Q

Unconditioned punishers/ment

A

A stimulus change that decreases the freq of any behavior that immediately precedes it
No learning history
Products of phylogeny

72
Q

Conditioned punishers/ment

A

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with 1 or more punishers

73
Q

Generalized conditioned punishers

A

A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned punishers
Does not depend on MO

74
Q

3 Step Formula to answer if a scenario is PR, NR,PP,NP

A

What is the Behavior?
Did the Behavior Increase or Decrease?
Is a stimulus added or taken away?

75
Q

Verbal Analog Conditioning

A

Verbal pairing procedure whereby previously neutral stimuli can become conditioned punishers or reinforcers for humans without direct pairing

76
Q

Extinction

A

A procedure that occurs when a previously reinforced response is discontinued so that the behavior decreases in the future
No reinforcement- Behavior decreases

77
Q

Extinction is

A

A third principle of ABA
Not a punishment procedure
Only behavior put on extinction can be extinguished
Using extinction and punishment together is oftn effective

78
Q

Unwanted Effects of Extinction

A

Extinction Bursts
Extinction induced aggression
Difficult to use on clients that rarely display target behavior
Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for a client’s behavior
Difficult to control reinforcer for a client’s challenging behavior
Difficult or dangerous to ignore challenging behavior

79
Q

Extinction does not equal

A

Ignoring
Response blocking
NCR

80
Q

3 types of Extinction

A

PAN
PR-
AR-sensory
NR- Escape Extinction

81
Q

Extinction Burst

A

An immediate increase in the freq of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented

82
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The behavior diminished during extinction process reoccurs
Not an indication that extinction was not effective
Short lived and decrease in behavior

83
Q

Resistance to Extinction

A 
Long history of reinforcement 
Intermittent schedule than continuous
High quality reinforcer
Large amount of reinforcer
Response requiring little effort
Number of previous extinction trials
84
Q

Operant Extinction vs. Respondent Extinction

A

Operant- Withholding reinforcement when behavior occurs

Respondent- Involves un-pairing of a CS and an US

85
Q

Stimulus Control

A

When the rate/frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus

86
Q

Stimulus Control is acquired when

A

Responses are reinforced only in the presence of a SD

Not in the presence of another an S∆

87
Q

Factors Affecting Stimulus Control

A

Pre-Attending Skills

Stimulus Salience- prominence in environment

88
Q

Stimulus Salience is affected by which 2 elements

A

Masking

Overshadowing

89
Q

Masking

A

Even though a stimulus acquired stimulus control over a behavior a competing stimulus can block the evocative function

90
Q

Overshadowing

A

The presence of one stimulus condition interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus

91
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past

92
Q

Stimulus Delta

A

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has NOT produced reinforcement in the past
Not always 0 but less or of lesser value

93
Q

SD vs. MO

A

Both occur before the behavior
Both have evocative functions
MO changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer
SD must be responded to more in the presence than it does in the absence

94
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence the same type of behavior tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties

95
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Occurs when new stimuli do not evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus

96
Q

Stimulus Discrimination training

A

A procedure in which responses are reinforced in the presence of one condition but not in the presence of the other

97
Q

Generalization gradient

A

A graph of the extent to which behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli
Flat Slope- little control
Increasing- more control

98
Q

Concept

A

Concept is NOT mentalism
Product of both stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
Stimulus gen within a stimulus class and stimulus discrimination between stimulus classes needed to form concept

99
Q

AKA of Stimulus Discrimination Training

A

Discrimination Training

100
Q

AKA for Concept

A

Concept formation

Concept acquistion

101
Q

Simple Discrimination

A

An antecedent evokes or abates behavior

3 term contingency

102
Q

Conditional Discrimination

A

Sometimes it is important to know not just fine discriminations but also the circumstances under which the discrimination is appropriate
4 term contingency

103
Q

Matching to sample

A

Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus
Identity matching to sample
Symbolic matching to sample

104
Q

Stimulus equivalence

A

The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus to stimulus relations
A=B
B=C
A=C

105
Q

3 parts of stimulus equivalence

A

RST
Reflexivity
Symmetry
Transivity

106
Q

Reflexivity

A

Simple matching to sample
2 identical stimuli
A=A

107
Q

Symmetry

A

Reversibility of sample stimulus and comparison stimulus

A=B B=A

108
Q

Transivity

A

Critical test
A=B
B=C
A=C - This was not taught but was realized

109
Q

Equivalence Class

A 
An equivalence class results from stimulus equivalence training
Set of arbitrary stimuli that don't need to have common physical properties
Formed if its reflexive, symmetrical and transitive
110
Q

Rule Governed Behavior

A

A verbal description of a behavioral contingency
Learning rules is a way that people’s behavior comes under control of consequences that are too delayed to influence behavior directly

111
Q

AKA of Rule Governed Behavior

A

Rule Governance
Rule Control
Rules

112
Q

Contingency Shaped Behavior

A

When a behavior is directly controlled by contingency not rules
Consequence 0-60 seconds following response

113
Q

AKA Contingency Shaped Behavior

A

Contingency Control

114
Q

MO

A

Alters the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus

115
Q

2 Types of MO’s

A

Establishing Operations- EO

Abolishing Operations- AO

116
Q

Establishing Operations

A

Increases effectiveness of a stimulus as reinforcer

117
Q

2 Types of Establishing Operations

A

Value Altering Effect

Behavior Altering Effect

118
Q

Value Altering Effect of EO

A

An increase in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus

119
Q

Behavior Altering Effect of EO

A

An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO

120
Q

Abolishing Operation

A

An MO that decreases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer

121
Q

2 Types of AO’s

A

Value Altering

Behavior Altering

122
Q

Value Altering Effect of AO

A

Decrease in current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimuls

123
Q

Behavior Altering Effect of AO

A

Decrease in current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO

124
Q

AKA of Behavior Altering Effect of AO

A

Abative Effect

125
Q

Function Altering Effects

A

MO has function altering effects

How future behavior of a person changes because of the MO they are experiencing in the moment

126
Q

Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMO)

A

Value altering motivating effects that are unlearned

127
Q

9 Main Unconditioned MO’s

A 
Food dep
Water dep
Sleep dep
Activity dep
Oxygen dep
Sex dep
Becoming too warm
Becoming too cold
Increase in pain
128
Q

Conditioned MO (CMO)

A

A learned relation between the nature and value of an antecedent stimulus and the nature of a response

129
Q

Surrogate MO’s

A

A stimulus that has acquired its effectiveness by accompanying some other MO and has come to have the same value and behavior altering effects as the MO that has accompanied it
Pairing

130
Q

Reflexive MO’s

A

Conditions or objects that acquire their effectiveness as MO’s by preceding a situation that either is worsening or is improving
Aversive event being described in the future

131
Q

Transitive MO’s

A

An environment variable that establishes or abolishes the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and either evokes or abates the behavior reinforced by that other stimulus
Wanting a certain object but something is blocking access to it and person needs to engage in problem solving

BACB Exam Prep (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions