Chapter 12- Negative Reinforcement

Question 1

conditioned negative reinforcers

Answer 1

neutral events that acquire their effects through previous pairing with a existing negative reinforcer

Question 2

discriminated avoidance

Answer 2

responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer

Question 3

escape contingency

Answer 3

a contingency in which a response terminates an ongoing stimulus

Question 4

free-operant avoidance

Answer 4

the avoidance behavior is “free to occur” at any time and delays the presentation of a stimulu

Question 5

negative reinforcement

Answer 5

a contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response

involves a 4-term contingency including:

1. the EO for behavior maintained by negative reinforcement is an antecedent event in whose presence escape is reinforcing
2. the SD is another antecedent event in whose presence a response is more likely to be reinforced
3. the response is the act that produces reinforcement
4. the reinforcer is the termination of the event that served as the EO

Question 6

unconditioned negative reinforcers

Answer 6

stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning

Question 7

social negative reinforcers

Answer 7

stimuli that are terminated through the action of another persona

Question 8

automatic negative reinforcers

Answer 8

stimuli that are terminated as a direct result of a response

Question 9

avoidance contingency

Answer 9

a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus